1. Week 2: Radiographic Equipment

2. Game Plan Identify generic components of the radiographic equipment
Describe various planes of x-ray tube and table movement
Discuss contrast and density
Exposure Factors

3. Generic Components of Radiographic System
X-ray Tube
Collimator Assembly
Radiographic Table
Control Console
Tube support

4. Radiographic Room

5. X-ray Tube Housing

6. X-RAY Tube Housing Lead and steel Absorbs ______ radiation
Prevents x-ray photons from leaking from tube

7. X-RAY Tube
Made with Pyrex glass
____________
Gas Evacuated

8. Early X-RAY Tube

9. The X-RAY Tube ___________ (+) & ___________ (-)
____ and ______ housing
_______ ______encased in a housing
Primary components
___________ (+)
&
___________ (-)

10. X-RAY Tube 1) 2)

11. X-Ray Machine Purpose:
provide a specific current (mA) & voltage (kVp) to the x-ray tube
_____ controls the energy of the x-ray photons
_____ controls the number of x-ray photons
convert electrical energy to electromagnetic energy (x- ray photons)

12. TO PRODUCE X-RAYS YOU NEED
A SOURCE OF ELECTRONS
A FORCE TO MOVE THEM QUICKLY
SOMETHING TO STOP THEM SUDDENLY

13. Cathode
Source of Electrons

14. Cathode
Filament
________ ________
Focusing cup (beam focus)

15. Process of x-ray production on Cathode side (-)
mA (milliamperage) is sent to filament
Via cables
____________ heats up
electrons “boil off” (thermionic emission)
focusing cup focuses electron beam toward anode
Electrons have ________ charge

16. A force to move them quickly. Something to stop them suddenly
Anode
A force to move them quickly.
Something to stop them suddenly

17. Process of x-ray production on Anode side (+)
Positive voltage (kVp) is applied
Causes electrons to _________ towards anode
Laws of attraction
Electrons “slam into” target of anode – suddenly stopped.
_________ ___________ARE CREATED

18. High voltage to anode attracts electrons from cathode
Current to stator causes rotation of anode

19. Anodes - Target Rotating Anodes 2” to 5” disk (focal track) Cu W
Rotation speeds
Low: 3,000 – 3,600 rpm
High: 9,000 – 10,000 rpm Cu
Molybdenum or
Graphite base W
Common target (focal track)material is __________

20. X-ray Tube Anode Stator and rotor make up the induction motor
Molybdenum stem connects rotor with anode
reduces heat transfer to rotor and bearings
Focal track area (spreads heat out over larger area than stationary anode configuration)

21. Rotating Anode Molybdenum stem and base used
because it is a poor heat conductor
Tungsten can withstand high heat loads

22. How Are X-rays Made? Source of _______move at ______ speed (KE)
Collide with target or focal track on anode
KE of electrons converted to x rays & heat
99% _______
1% __________
X-rays are produced when electrons strike a metal target.
The electrons are released from the heated filament and accelerated by a high voltage towards the metal target.
The X-rays are produced when the electrons collide with the atoms (electrons) of the metal target

23. Collimator Knobs

24. Collimator Attaches directly below the x-ray tube
Serves as a beam limiting device
Controls ______ and ____ of the x-ray field

25. X-ray Tube: Collimation
oCollimators adjust size and shape of x-ray beam
oParallel-opposed lead shutters
oLight field mimics x-ray field (CFR Title 21 Regs)
oReduces dose to patient; ALARA: as low as reasonably achievable
oLimited irradiated field → reduced scatter

26. Collimator Knobs

27. Cone collimator

29. Radiographic Table

31. Tables Tilting tables diagnostic and fluoroscopic work
90 degrees in one direction
15 – 30 degrees in the other direction
ancillary equipment:
footboard, shoulder support, handgrips, compression bands
Tables
Tilting rooms are designed for both diagnostic and fluoroscopic work
Tilting models usually tilt to 90 degrees in one direction and 15 – 30 degrees in the other direction
Tilting models include ancillary equipment; footboard, shoulder support, handgrips, compression bands

34. http://www. youtube. com/user/ARCOMAMED

35. TABLE OR UPRIGHT BUCKY TRAY

36. The ‘bucky’ is like a drawer

38. Image Receptors and Bucky tray
Intensifying screens
Film

39. Cassette Based 1) Film /screen (FS) 2) Computed Radiography (CR)
Image Receptors
Cassette Based 1) Film /screen (FS) 2) Computed Radiography (CR)
Cassette-less
1)Digital Radiography (DR)
Indirect Capture
Direct Capture

40. Film Screen

41. Darkroom for Film Screen Image receptors

42. What is in the Darkroom?

44. Safe Light __-__ Watts _____ filter
Must be __-__ feet from counter top or feed tray of processor
Used to be amber or orange filter

45. FILM SCREEN PROCESSOR

47. CR- PSP plate

48. CR Reader for Computed Radiography image receptors

49. Multiloader

50. Digital Radiography: Direct Capture
Amorphous selenium

51. Digital Radiography: Indirect Capture
Amorphous silicon

52. The bucky tray can be found:
In the table or chest board
Holds the cassettes CR
Film Screen

55. Bucky tray

56. Bucky Tray
Image receptor is held in bucky

57. FLUOROSCOPY: Images in motion

58. REMOTE ROOM
Conventional Room

61. FLUOROSCOPY must wear shielding while x-ray beam is on
Lead apron
Lead Curtain

62. Tube Supports
Designed to help technologists with various tube locations for creative imaging.
Tube suspension systems are available in 5 versions

63. Floor mounted & Overhead Suspension

64. Floor to Wall or Ceiling

65. Table Suspension
Telescoping Tube

66. Tube Movement Longitudinal Transverse Vertical Angling or Rolling
Rotating
Telescoping

67. CONTROL CONSOLE Gives the technologist control of the xray machine
Technique selection
Located OUTSIDE of the Radiographic Room

68. kVp & mAs

70. The Control Console Set technical factors Make an exposure
________
Make an exposure
Only a legally licensed individual is authorized to energize the console

71. “Technique” kVp , mAs (mA x s)
What is set at the control panel
How the “image” is created on the “film” or Image receptor (digital)
kVp controls the “ENERGY” of the beam
The Higher kVp – more penetrating
Ranges is in Diagnostic x-ray

72. “Technique” kVp , mAs (mA x s)
mA- is the current in combination with the time – determines HOW LONG the beam will stay on
Controls the density on the film/image

74. Ancillary Equipment Grids View boxes and viewing computers Darkroom
Processors and Readers
Misc Equipment

75. Grids Body parts ___cm & more Lead strips parallel to centerline
Absorbs _______
Improves detail

76. Scatter adds a _____appearance
Makes image more ________

80. Other x-ray equipment
Positioning phantoms
Pixie

81. Other x-ray equipement
Positioning sponges
Lead markers

82. Positioning sponges

84. Gonad shields
Lead Shields
Lead wrap arounds
Lead aprons

85. Lead Gloves and Glasses

86. Are x-ray machines prisoner to one room???

87. Mobile X-RAY equipment
__________
Take machine to patient
Still images
Used in interventional procedures
Used in surgery
Dynamic images

88. PORTABLE UNITS

89. Trauma wrist done portable - using positioning devices
Lead apron
TAPE
sponge

91. When patients cannot go the Radiology Department

97. Review

98. X-ray Tube ConstructionD F C G E

99. X-ray Tube ConstructionD. E. F. G.

100. TUBE HOUSING
What is it made of?

101. TUBE HOUSING
________________

102. Is this rotating or stationary anode?

103. _______________________

104. What is required to produce x-rays?

105. What is required to produce x-rays?
Requirements:
____________________________________________
____________