1. Chapter 9 Flashcards

2. citation

3. a legal document roughly equivalent to a traffic ticket

4. commutation of sentence

5. action by the executive branch of government; legally means exchanging one punishment for another less severe one

6. consolidated parole boards

7. autonomous panels within the government department responsible for administering correctional institutions or community corrections

8. discretionary release

9. initiated by correctional authorities when they believe an inmate is ready for life on the outside

10. expiration release

11. an unconditional release from prison when the offender’s sentence, minus any good time credits, ends

12. false negatives

13. inmate who would have made a success of their parole, but is denied parole

14. false positives

15. parolees who looked to be good risks, but later committed a crime

16. good-time laws

17. passed in 1817 allowed prison officials to shorten an inmate’s prison term in exchange for good behavior

18. guardians

19. citizen volunteers who supervised parolees in New York State during the 1800s

20. hearing officer

21. typically a supervisory-level or senior member of the parole agency staff who conducts the preliminary parole hearing

22. independent parole boards

23. parole board model free from any other state agency’s control and generally reports directly to the governor

24. inspector of released prisoners

25. the first parole officer

26. institutional model

27. a model of the composition of the consolidated parole board that typically employs full-time corrections professionals

28. Irish ticket-of-leave system

29. created by Crofton in 1854 as a way of releasing ex-convicts into the community

30. iron law of imprisonment

31. except for those that die in prison, the rest eventually return to free society

32. iron law of prison populations

33. prison populations are determined by the number of people sent to prison and by the amount of time the prisoners reside in them

34. mandatory release

35. today many inmates serve a statutorily defined minimum length of time and their release is automatic

36. pardon

37. executive clemency or mercy; a unique and rare event

38. parole

39. a conditional release from prison

40. parole agents

41. parole officers; state-level civil service employees

42. parole agreement

43. standard conditions of parole

44. parole eligibility date

45. the earliest point at which the inmate can leave prison

46. parole officers

47. parole agents who are state-level civil service employees

48. prisoner reentry

49. release from prison and adjustment into the free society

50. summary arrest

51. when a parole officer observes a violation of parole in person, they can immediately take the parolee into custody

52. supervised release

53. largely indistinguishable from parole with supervision of ex-inmates by US probation officers