1. NationalismNationalism and Revolutions : early to mid 1800’s Nationalism

3. Vocab Conservative – wealthy property owners and nobility. Favored traditional monarchies Liberal – middle-class business leaders and merchants. Wanted more power to elected parliament. Only educated and landowners would vote Radical – favored drastic change – democracy for all people. Ideals of French Rev – liberty, equality, brotherhood Nationalism – Belief that a people’s greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture and history – not a king or empire. Nation-State – A nation with its own independent government. Defends the nation’s territory and way of life and represents the nation to the rest of the world. In 1815 only France, England, and Spain were nation- states

4. 1815 – Congress of Vienna established 5 great powers – Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. All nearly equal in strength. Forces of change – liberalism and nationalism – began to break through the conservative domination of Europe

6. Poland – revolution crushed by Russian troops Belgium – rebels against the Dutch Republic and becomes an independent state Greece - revolted against the Ottoman Empire and gained independence

7. Russia Still under a feudal system, serfs bound to the nobles who had almost unlimited power over them. By 1820’s many believed that serfdom must end – it was morally wrong and prevented Russia from entering the modern industrialized world and advancing economically. Czar Nicholas I – brutally crushes any revolt and rules Russia with an iron fist. He has a secret police force whose job is to hunt down all potential revolutionaries It’s not until his son, Alexander II rules that there is a move toward modernization and social change. All serf were free by 1861.

8. France Once again revolution in France is the spark for other revolutions o Over fifty revolts in the first four months of 1848 First revolt – King Louis-Philippe became increasingly repressive, economic problems o The monarchy is overthrown and a temporary gov’t established – parliament and a strong president elected by the people The Third Republic is created and the people elect as the new president Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon. 4 years later takes the title of Emperor Napoleon III. No one really cared – wanted stability of a strong leader. France experienced real prosperity

9. Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire was a multinational state = a collection of different peoples - Germans, Czechs, Magyars, Slovaks, Romanians, Slovenes, Poles, Croats, Serbians, and Italians o Germans, who are ¼ of the population, govern the empire o The other nationalities want independence and their own gov’t Demonstrators in Vienna take over the city Hungarian Magyars rebel against Austrian rule, along with Czech rebels at Prague and Italians in their states Austria eventually reestablishes control over their empire, thanks to help from Czar Nicholas I o Use military force to crush the rebels o All the revolutions failed, but the Austrian Empire has been weakened

10. Italian States a group called Young Italy led by Guiseppe Mazzini started a revolution that was crushed by Austrian troops Revolts break out throughout the Italian states against Austrian rule o Revolutionaries even seize Rome, although the pope was able to gain control again thanks to French troops These Italian revolutionaries want to create a constitution and a unified Italy o Fails – Austria puts down the revolts

12. German States People revolt in the German states and German rulers promise constitutions, free press, and jury trials o Go back on their promises once the revolts are crushed All-German parliament, called the Frankfurt Parliament, was held to draft a constitution and a plan to unite Germany o The Frankfurt Parliament offers the throne to the king of Prussia, who rejects a “crown picked from the gutter” Revolts fail – drafted a constitution, but had no way of forcing the German rulers to accept it o No unification and Austria helps put down revolts

14. Great Britain Does not have a revolution Britain is the most stable nation in Europe, Parliament gives people what they want o Slowly granting suffrage to citizens

15. Conclusion By 1871 Britain and Germany were the most powerful, Austria and Russia were the least France was in the middle The balance of power in Europe had broken down.

16. Country Reason for Revolution Successful? France Italian States German States Austrian Empire