1. The “Moving” Part of Anatomy!
Articulations
The “Moving” Part of Anatomy!

2. Introduction
Many major sports, activities and hobbies require us to be able to move around
These movements define us as human because we have a unique ability to move in the animal kingdom
There is almost no parallel of fine and large movement in the animal kingdom

3. Introduction However movement does come at a cost
It means that things that protect and are stiff and rigid will have to be able to bend
Since there are transitions between areas that are designed for support and areas that are designed for movement, weaknesses can occur

4. Introduction
While the previous slide incorporated several different major impacts, small impacts can damage parts of the body
Articulations, also known as joints, can be damaged from relatively small impacts or repeated motions
This often presents as stubbed fingers, sprained ankles and swollen joints

5. Types of Articulations
There are two different categories of joints
The first category of joint defines it based on how much the joint moves
Once that has been determined, the second category further defines the joint based on the features that make it up

6. Types of Articulations
There are three different types of joints that are based on their movement
A synarthrosis is an immovable joint
Stays There
An amphiarthrosis is a slightly moveable joint
Almost There
A diarthrosis is a freely moveable joint
Defiantly There

7. Types of Articulations
Once you figure out what type of joint it is, you have to figure out what type of material the joint is made of
A bony joint has the ability to connect two bones without anything in-between
A fibrous joint has no joint cavity and are connected by fibrous connective tissue
A cartilaginous joint is connected entirely by cartilage
A synovial joint has synovial fluid surrounding the joint

8. Types of Movement
Articulations provide the ability to move many different ways
The movement can happen in several different ways
Gliding movement is movement from the base of the articulation
This is good but it does not happen often in the body
Angular movement is when the angle created from the base of a joint changes
Rotation happens with the angle of the base stays the same, but the position of the appendage changes

9. Types of Movement Try this…
Put your pencil or pen tip on the center of the cross in your notes labeled gliding movement
Use your massive brain power to create a scenario where you create gliding movement
If you are having trouble with this, think about moving from the base

10. Types of Movement Ok smarty-pants…
Now put your pencil tip on the cross labeled as angular movements
Now try to make an angular movement
Hint: This is movement that changes the angles of the base

11. Types of Movement Last one…
Put your pencil at the center of the cross labeled rotation
Make the pencil rotate
… But don’t change the base angle

12. Synovial Joints
Synovial joints are diarthoses (defiantly there) that are surrounded by a joint capsule
A joint capsule is a double layered sack that contains synovial fluid
The joint capsule functions as a protection, nutrient distribution medium and a shock absorber for the joint

13. Synovial Joints Synovial joints do not have bones that touch
The bones are capped in articular cartilages that protect the bones from rubbing on each other
The cartilages never actually touch because there is always a thin film of synovial fluids that separate them

14. Synovial Joint Accessory Structures
Many synovial joints have accessory structures that are used to aid function within the joint and protect it from harm
A meniscus is a crescent shaped pad of fibrocartilage located between bones
Menisci allow for better flow of synovial fluid, divide the joint cavity or allow for variations in the shapes of surfaces

15. Synovial Joint Accessory Structures
Fat pads are localized masses of adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane
They commonly surround the joint
Because a joint can move, it often has different shapes to it’s cavities
These pads fill the spaces that are created when the joint moves

16. Ligaments
Inside of or outside of the joint capsules ligaments support, strengthen and reinforce synovial joints
Ligaments connect bones to different bones
These ligaments are very important to maintaining the structure of the synovial joint

17. Ligaments Ligaments are dense regular connective tissue
This means that they are very strong in one direction because all of their fibers run in one direction
This is why ligaments are often found in groups
They cover the stresses from many different angles is synovial joints

18. Ligaments While ligaments are strong, they are not invincible
A sprain is a situation where a ligament is stretched to the point where some collagen fibers are torn but the ligament is still intact
A torn ligament is where the ligament separates from itself or the bone completely

19. Video A full ACL reconstruction surgery
Take a moment to think do I want to watch someone have ACL reconstruction surgery
If you do not want to see incisions and bone drilling please do not watch the video
h?v=M-FQGMPfGac

20. Tendons
Tendons connect muscles to bones (or other structures like the eye)
While they are not part of the articulation, they often times are responsible for the force and range of motion within the articulation

21. Tendons
Just as an example the tendons in the rotator cuff provide much of the support for the shoulder joint
The movements of this diarthrosis (defiantly there) are limited by the arrangements of the tendons
Try this out by stretching your arms!

22. Bursae Bursae are small fluid filled pockets of connective tissue
These are found connected to and around synovial joint cavities
These bursae are lined by synovial membrane tissue
Each one contains synovial fluid

23. Bursae
These bursae are generally designed to keep tendons and ligaments from rubbing on other tissues
They serve as a buffer that helps protect the ligaments and tendons from damage
This makes their job vital in a synovial joint

24. Bursae
Bursae can be broken due to stress or damage to the synovial joint
Generally it leads to a large amount of swelling as the synovial fluid leaks out
Also they can develop in non synovial joint tissues if there is an excessive amount of rubbing or pressure

25. Synovial Movement Synovial Joints can move in very interesting ways
These joints can make a wide variety of complex movements that make up the movements of the body
Since synovial joints vary greatly, there are many different types of movements that can be performed

26. Synovial Movement
The first basic type of movement is flexion and extension
Flexion is the movement where articulating bones decrease their angle
Extension is the movement where articulating bones increase their angle
Hyperextension is movement past standard anatomical position
This can be seen in the elbow and neck

27. Video Hyperextension could be normal…
?t=33s
Or not normal…
h?v=eGIQ4AzzXnE

28. Synovial Movement
However not all movement is regulated to linear movements
Abduction is movement away from the center line of the body
Adduction is movement towards the center line of the body
These movements can be seen in the hand

29. Synovial Movement
Sometimes there is a mixture between angular movement and rotational movement
Circumduction is the term given when a limb moves in a circular direction
This would be similar to drawing a big circle on the whiteboard without moving the wrist or elbow

30. Synovial Movement Rotational movements are often seen in the body
If the head rotates to the left or right side of the body it is a right rotation or left rotation
If a limb rotates to the outside of the body we call it a lateral rotation
If a limb rotates to the inside of the body we call it a medial rotation

31. Synovial Movement
The rotation between radius and ulna are a special case
During pronation the radius moves across the surface of the ulna and the hand moves opposite of anatomical position
During supination the radius moves back across the ulna and the hand moves to anatomical position

32. Ball and Socket Joint
There are several different types of synovial joints
Each has a function and purpose that helps the human body move and articulate in the natural world
Each type has strengths and advantages
At the same time each type has drawbacks and weaknesses that are important to understand

33. Ball and Socket Joint
Ball and socket joints are joints where a rounded bone fits into a concave bone
The hip and the shoulder are good examples of this type of joint
Ball and socket Joints allow for maximum range of movement

34. Ball and Socket Joint
The downside of a ball and socket joint is that they rest inside of a concave bone
The rounded bone can migrate from the original location
When this happens we call it a dislocated joint
This can happen when playing contact sports or during trip and fall events.

35. Video
to-relocate-a-dislocated- shoulder
h?v=GLEklCEKyx4
Always locate medical professional help!!!
If no medical help is around, there are ways to place your shoulder back in the socket before being able to go see a doctor
This is not advised if you can make it to a doctor in any capacity!!!

36. Hinge Joint
A hinge joint is the area where a rounded bone meets a bone that curves inward
These types of joint are surrounded by ligaments and tendons that prevent side to side motion
This makes them able to articulate in one direction, but prevents damage from other directions
The elbows and knees are great examples of this

37. Hinge Joint
Since you have two bones that are meeting and making a repeated motion, there can be a large amount of ware and tare over a lifetime
When the protection inside of the synovial joint wears down, it is known as arthritis
This can often be painful and sometimes debilitating

38. Video https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=FVCtXxd_P1c
/cracking-knuckles-arthritis- science

39. Gliding Joints
Gliding joints are created where there are two flat bones that meet and move
These may also be called plane joints
These types of articulations happens when a gliding movement is seen
The wrists and ankles are excellent examples of gliding joints

40. Gliding Joints
Because these joints are gliding joints there are many different things that can affect how they move
Any small defect or deformity in the area of the gliding joint will create pain and damage as the bones move over each other
Things like fractures, deformed disks and bone spurs can cause debilitating pain

41. Saddle Joints
A saddle joint is when one bone that is shaped like a saddle glides along another bone
This provides a joint with a large amount of movement that is relatively stable and safe
It can move in almost every single direction except for where the concave surface of one joint interacts with the convex surface of the other

42. Saddle Joints Saddle joints can be seen in different parts of the body
The most famous saddle joint is your thumb
Because of how the bones glide over each other, there is movement in almost every direction
However the “saddle” prevents it from left and right rotation

43. Pivot Joints
Pivot joints consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone
This gives a good amount of rotational movement
However it also supports the joint by holding it tight within a bone

44. Pivot Joints
Pivot joints are seen in a few different capacities throughout the body
A very easy one to recognize is the joint between C1 (The Atlas) and C2 (The Axis)
The Atlas holds The Axis within a bone and ligament structure and allows for rotational movement while supporting the head

45. Condylar Joints
The condylar joint (aka ellipsoid joint) is formed when an oval head of one bone rests within the elliptical cavity of another
This gives a large range of motion, however it limits motion in the rotational direction
This is because the oval and elliptical cavity will prevent rotational movement

46. Condylar Joints The condylar joints are seen in the fingers
The joint between the metacarpals (2-5) and the proximal phalanges (2-5) forms a condylar joint
This allows your fingers to move in almost every direction except for rotationally

47. The Shoulder Joint
The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) permits the greatest range of motion of any joint
Since it allows the most motion, it is also one of the most injured joints in the body
Stability must be sacrificed to create mobility

48. The Shoulder Joint The ball in this joint is the head of the humerus
The socket of this joint is made up the glenoid cavity of the scapula
The head of the humerus sits inside of the glenoid cavity and can articulate in a wide range of motions

49. The Shoulder Joint
The shoulder is held together by five ligaments that hold various parts of the humerus, scapula and clavicle together
The muscles that hold the shoulder together do more to stabilize the shoulder than the all of the ligaments combined
Four tendons bind the shoulder together in order to create a stable and movable joint

50. The Shoulder Joint
The teres minor is a small thin muscle that connects from the lower scapula to the humerus
The infraspinatus is a large flat muscle that connects from the scapula to the humerus
The subscapularis is a large flat muscle that connects from the bottom of the scapula to the lower part of the shoulder
The superspinatus is a thin muscle that connects the top of the scapula to the top of the humerus

51. The Shoulder Joint
h?v=D3GVKjeY1FM

52. The Knee Joint
The knee joint is a hinge joint that connects the femur to the lower leg
Since the knee has to support large amounts of weight from many different directions the knee is fairly complex
The knee contains three different articulations
Twi between the femur with the tibia
One between the femur and patella

53. The Knee Joint
The joint has 7 major ligaments that keep it providing flexion and extension while limiting rotation
The patellar ligament connects the patella to the tibia
The two popliteal ligaments surround the patella and connect the ends of the femur and the tibia/fibula

54. The Knee Joint
Inside the joint capsule the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attach the femur to the tibia
The tibial collateral ligament and the fibular collateral ligament run outside the capsule and connect the femur to their respective bones

55. The Knee Joint
h?v=Tkb4YzvFSE4