1. The von Neumann Model – Chapter 4 COMP 2620 Dr. James Money COMP 2620 1

2. The LC-3 as a von Neumann Machine

3. Memory Memory contains the storage elements along with the MAR for addressing the memory elements The MDR holds the contents of a memory location to/from storage MAR is 16 bits, so the address space is 2 16 The MDR is 16 bits indicating each memory location is 16 bits

4. Input/Output There are two: – Keyboard – Monitor For the keyboard, there are two registers: – KBDR – keyboard data register which has the ASCII code if the keys struck – KBSR – keyboard status register for status about the keys struck

5. Input/Output The monitor has also two registers: – DDR – ASCII code of the character to be displayed on the screen – DSR – the associated status information for the character to be printed on the screen We will talk more about these in detail in Chapter 8

6. Processing Unit This consists of the – ALU – arithmetic and logic unit – Eight registers R0,R1,…,R7 Use to store temporary values Also used as operands for operations

7. Processing Unit The ALU only has three operations: – Addition – Bitwise AND – Bitwise NOT We will have to spend some time implementing the other functions to achieve full assembly language

8. Control Unit This contains the parts to control flow of the program executing It contains the finite state machine, which directs all activity Processing is carried out step-by-step and not clock cycle by clock cycle There is the CLK input to the finite state machine which specifies how long each clock cycle lasts

9. Control Unit The Instruction Register (IR) is input to finite state machine and has the current instruction This is input to the finite state machine since it determines what activities must be carried out The Program Counter (PC) keeps track of the next instruction to be executed

10. Instruction Processing The most basic unit of processing is the instruction There are two parts: – Opcode – what the instruction does – Operands – the parameters to the opcode, for example Registers Constants

11. Instruction Processing Each instruction is 16 bits, or one word on the LC-3 The bits are numbered left to right from [15] to [0]. Bits [15:12] contain the opcode There are at most 2 4 = 16 opcodes Bits [11:0] are operands

12. Instruction Cycle Each instruction is handled in a systematic way through a sequence of steps call the instruction cycle Each step is called a phase There are six phases to the cycle

13. Instruction Cycle The six phases of the instruction cycle are: – Fetch – Decode – Evaluate Address – Fetch Operands – Execute – Store Result

14. Example: LC-3 ADD Instruction LC-3 has 16-bit instructions. – Each instruction has a four-bit opcode, bits [15:12]. LC-3 has eight registers (R0-R7) for temporary storage. – Sources and destination of ADD are registers. “Add the contents of R2 to the contents of R6, and store the result in R6.”

15. Example: LC-3 LDR Instruction Load instruction -- reads data from memory Base + offset mode: – add offset to base register -- result is memory address – load from memory address into destination register “Add the value 6 to the contents of R3 to form a memory address. Load the contents of that memory location to R2.”

16. Instruction with all six phases Consider the Intel x86 instruction ADD [eax], edx It loads data from the address located in eax and then adds it to the value in edx The result is stored in the address located in eax

17. Instruction with all six phases This instruction requires all 6 phases Fetch and Decode are required by all instructions The address is eax is Evaluated and then it is Fetched The add performs during Execute The result is stored at the end

18. Instruction types So far, we’ve considered two instruction types: – Operate instruction – processes data, such as ADD – Data movement instruction – moves data from one place to another, such as LDR There is a third type of instruction called the control instruction

19. Instruction types The control instruction changes the sequence of execution in the processing unit Normally, the MAR is loaded from the PC at the beginning of processing Thus, the control instruction must affect the PC value during the EXECUTE phase We use this generate loops and branches

20. Example: LC-3 JMP Instruction Set the PC to the value contained in a register. This becomes the address of the next instruction to fetch. “Load the contents of R3 into the PC.”