1. IPv6 … A Simplified Explanation Presented by Bryan Crisler Senior Network Engineer Time Warner Cable

2. Housekeeping Take this time to locate: –Emergency Exits –Bathrooms –Breakroom/Water Fountain –Note taking utensils Put your Phones on Vibrate –If you need to take a call, feel free to step out of the room.

3. About your Speaker Bryan Crisler –Started in Cable @ Charter Communications, Riverside, CA in June 2005 –Currently a Senior Network Engineer at Time Warner Cable

4. About your Speaker Held following positions: –Broadband Technician I-IV (Charter) –Network Operations Specialist (Charter) –Network Technician (Charter) –Network Engineer (Charter & TWC) –SR Network Engineer (TWC)

5. About your Speaker Email: bryan.crisler@twcable.combryan.crisler@twcable.com LinkedIn: linkedin.com/in/bcrislerlinkedin.com/in/bcrisler

6. Today’s Lesson Plan Session 1: So What About IPv6? Session 2: Every Day IPv6 and You

7. So What About IPv6? Session 1

8. Basic History of IP IP – Internet Protocol Defined in RFC 791, dated 1981, written by Information Sciences Institute @ USCRFC 791 Written for DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)

9. Basic History of IP “… Internet Protocol is designed for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networks…provides for transmitting blocks of data called datagrams from sources to destinations… identified by fixed length addresses.” (RFC 791, section 1.1)

10. Versions of IP IPv0 – 3: Experimental Only IPv4: Defined in 1981 by RFC 760 & 791. First version to implemented publically. Still in use today. IPv5: Also experimental, called Internet Stream Protocol. IPv6: Also called IP Next Generation (IPng), Defined in 1998 by RFC 2460-2467

11. IP Addressing Layer 3 (Network) form of Addressing Two different forms of IP Address: –IPv4 Uses Dotted Decimal (192.168.0.1) Has 4,294,967,296 total address (public & private) 32 bit address –IPv6 Uses Hexadecimal Notation (FE80::1) Has 3.4×10 38 total address (public & private) 128 bit address

12. IP Addressing – cont. Both versions represent a real number For Instance: –0.0.1.0 = 256 –10.0.0.4 = 16,777,220 –0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 = 1 –0:0:0:0:1:0:0:0 = 281,462,092,005,375

13. IP Addressing – cont. IPv4 Address: –Dotted decimal notation –x.x.x.x, where x is between 0 – 255 IPv6 Address –Hexadecimal Number system –0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:00 00 –Leading Zeros can be removed –Multiple blocks of zeros can be simplified using colon “:”

14. IP Addressing – cont. Blocks of IPs are called Subnets Each Subnet represents a network (either WAN or LAN) The range of each subnet is determined by the Subnet Mask Each Subnet has a Network (First IP address) and a Broadcast (Last IP Address, IPv4 only) IP Address Network Range is calculated Subtracting Subnet Mask and from 255.255.255.255 (IPv4) or by 2^(128 – prefix) (IPv6).

15. IP Addressing – cont. Network Address: First IP in a Subnet used to identify the entire network Broadcast Address (IPv4 only): Last IP in a Subnet used to communicate any device on the Useable IP Range. Gateway IP Address: The configured IP address on the next hop router, which contains a path towards a WAN/Internet Useable IP Range: Any IP in a subnet except the Network and Broadcast (IPv4 only)

16. IPv4 Address Example A home wireless Router is configured with network address of 192.168.0.0 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.255 – 255.255.255.0 = 0.0.0.255 = 256 total addresses 192.168.0.0 + 0.0.0.255 = 192.168.0.255 Network Range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255 Network Address: 192.168.0.0 Broadcast Address: 192.168.0.255

17. IPv6 Address Example A home wireless router has received a prefix delegated scope from the ISP 2605:e000:160e:816a::/64. 2^(128 - prefix)  2^64 -> 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 hosts Approximately 18.4 Quintillion IP Addresses. If each IP address was the size of a quarter, you could cover the entire earth approximately 24 times.

18. IPv6 Address Example – cont. The network Range is –2605:e000:160e:816a:0000:0000:0000:00 00 -2605:e000:160e:816a:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff Network Address: 2605:e000:160e:816a:0000:0000:0000:0000 Broadcast Address: There is no broadcast address, since multicast is used instead.

19. IPv4 vs IPv6: Comparison IPv4IPv6 Address32-bit128-bit Number of Addresses4,294,967,296 340,282,366,920,938,4 63,463,374,607,431,76 8,211,456 Network AddressXX Broadcast AddressXN/A Link-Local Range169.254.0.0/16FE80::/10 Multicast Range 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255 FF00::/8 Dynamic AddressingDHCPSLAAC or DHCPv6 SecurityOptionalIPSec built-in, optional Header LengthVariableFixed

20. IPv4 vs IPv6: Comparison – cont. IPv4IPv6 Loopback Address127.0.0.1/32::1/128 Default Gateway0.0.0.0/0::/0 IGP Routing Protocols RIP (v1/v2), OSPF, ISIS, EIGRP RIPng, OSPFv3,ISIS EBGP Routing ProtocolsBGPBGPv4 Other ProtocolsICMP, DHCP, DNSICMPv6, DHCPv6, DNS

21. IPv6 Features Larger Address Space Simplified header makes routing more efficient Private IP Space not required Manual configuration not required due to SLAAC Broadcasting of packets replaced with Multicast/Anycast

22. IPv6 Features – cont. Security built into IPv6, but is optional Mobility allows for devices to use the same IPv6 Address (from home network) regardless of what network they are connected to. Dual Stack / 6 to 4 tunneling is available to provide a smooth transition

24. ARP vs Neighbor Discovery Protocol ARP – Address resolution protocol uses IPv4 Broadcast address to map an IPv4 Address to a MAC address (ARP) or vise versa (rARP). Neighbor Discovery Protocol – part of the ICMPv6 protocol, uses multicast to establish communication with devices on the same network segment. Follows the following process: –Neighbor Solicitation: sends a message to FF02::1/16 with all configured IPv6 addresses –DAD (Duplicate Address Detection): If no message is received from LAN segment, configured IPv6 Addresses are assumed not to be duplicates. –Neighbor Assignment: Message sent to confirm configuration of IPv6 addresses to LAN segment.

25. ARP vs Neighbor Discovery Protocol – cont. NDP – cont. –Router Solicitation: message sent to FF02::2/16 to detect presence of routers on network segment. Determine the default gateway for host. –Router Advertisement: response from router –Redirect: message sent from router specifying that it is not the best gateway for the host.

26. SLAAC SLAAC – StateLess Address AutoConfiguration Allows a host to automatically configure their own IPv6 Address Uses NDP to determine a valid Global IPv6 Address Uses EUI-64 method

28. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Allows a DHCP server to assign/configure an IP Address to an end device Will also configure Subnet Mask, Gateway IP, as well as DNS Servers When an end device is configured for DHCP, the DORA begins (IPv4) or SARR begins (IPv6).

29. DHCP – cont. DORA (IPv4) – –Discover – Client sends a broadcast message to DHCP Server –Offer – Server sends a message to client with an IP Address Offer –Request – Client formally request IP Address Offered, and sets Subnet Mask, gateway, DNS and lease time –Acknowledge – Server Acknowledges client Request and reserves IP. Once lease is at half-life, DORA process is repeated.

30. DHCP – cont. SARR –Solicit – Client sends a multicast message to DHCPv6 Server –Advertise – DHCPv6 Server(s) replies to client with their IPv6 Address –Request – Client formally request IP Address Offered, and sets Prefix, DNS and lease time, but not gateway (learned from ICMPv6) –Reply – Server Acknowledges client Request and reserves IP. Once lease is at half-life, SARR process is repeated.

31. Domain Name Service (DNS) DNS – Maps a domain name like google.com to an IP Address DNS Support for IPv6 has been added “AAAA” records are used to map a FQDN like google to an IPv6 Address “A” Records are used to map FQDN to an IPv4 Address.

32. Session 1 Review How many bits are in an IPv6 Address? What method is used by DHCPv6? What does the double colon “::” mean in hexadecimal numbering system for IPv6? Does ICMPv6 use broadcast or multicast messages? How is a default route or default gateway determined?

33. Session 1 Q&A Any Questions???

34. Break time 15 Minutes

35. Every Day IPv6 and You Session 2

36. Why did IPv6 become Necessary? We are out of IPv4 Space ARIN reports only 0.00374 of /8 leftARIN reports –Only 245 /24s left (62,720 IPs left) Approximately 42.4% of the world’s population uses the internet as of Dec 2014, where as only 12.7% used the internet in Dec 2004. (internetworldstats.com)internetworldstats.com

37. Where are we at with IPv6 Deployment? Since World IPv6 Launch day, on June 6 th, 2012, many companies including Time Warner Cable and Comcast have committed to launching IPv6. Currently most companies are running both IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time. Comcast, Charter, Cox and Time Warner Cable

38. What are the challenges to IPv6 deployment? End Device support (software and hardware) –Windows 7 and 8+ Support IPv6 –Mac OS X v10.1 and later Support IPv6 End Device (Wireless Routers) –Check your vendor’s website to see if IPv6 is supported.

39. Where are we at with IPv6 Deployment? – cont. Most cable companies are providing IPv6 to customers –Network Devices have already been configured –Network Backbone already supports IPv6 –IPv6 Allocations have already been received and deployed

40. What are the challenges… – cont. Modem Support –Not all modems have firmware that support IPv6. –Each cable company has a list of supported IPv6 enabled modems. Website Support –Most websites are IPv4 only. Many bigger sites such as Google, Yahoo, Microsoft all support IPv6.

41. What are the challenges… - cont. End User –Training for Field Techs/CSR/Engineers –Subscriber training

42. Is my computer IPv6 Ready? Here is how you can check: –Go to www.ipv6-test.com or www.test- ipv6.comwww.ipv6-test.comwww.test- ipv6.com –Go to ipv6test.google.com

43. IPConfig Run cmd Type ‘ipconfig /all’ –Displays all IP Addresses Type ‘ipconfig /release’ & ‘ipconfig /renew’ –If you need to refresh the IP with the DHCP Server do a /release & /renew Type ‘ipconfig /flushdns’ –If you are having problems reaching some websites, run a /flushdns

44. Tracert (Traceroute) Run cmd Shows latency and hopcount Each hop is a router interface Maximum hops on tracert is 30 Type ‘tracert -6 google.com’ –To see if you can reach google or any other domain name. Type ‘tracert -6 ’ –If you are unable to resolve any DNS, you can still traceroute using an IP Address Type ‘tracert -6 ’ –If you are trying to reach your local router’s gateway ip address Type ‘tracert -6 ’ –If you are trying to reach your CPE gateway IP Address on the CMTS.

45. Ping Run cmd Great test for packet loss Type ‘ping google.com’ –To see if you can reach google or any other domain name Type ‘ping -6 –t ’ –To test for packet loss on the internet. –t will continuously ping until cntr-c is pressed. Type ‘ping -6 –n –To test for packet loss with a specific amount of packets. Type ‘ping -6 –l –To test for packet loss with a greater packet size.

46. NSLookup Run cmd Used to query DNS Server and perform DNS Lookups Can be used to determine if DNS server is down or not reachable Type ‘nslookup google.com’ –Performs a standard lookup Type ‘nslookup ’ –Performs a reverse dns lookup to find domain name Type ‘nslookup ’ –Performs a lookup using a different server

47. Network-tools.com Go to www.network-tools.comwww.network-tools.com –Many different network tools –Allows you to ping from outside cable network –Can check DNS Records –Can also check email spam blacklists