1. Fashionable, don’t you think?

2. 1. Passageway 2. Structure 3. Passageway

3. 4. What is the name of the structure labeled with # 9 in the model at left? 5. What is the name of the structure labeled with # 11 in the model at left? 6. What is the name of the structures labeled with # 14 in the model at left? 7. How many of the structures labeled with # 14 in the model at left are there in the right lung?

4. # 9 # 10 # 11 # 12 # 15 # 14 # 13 8. What instrument is used to record the tracing shown in this illustration? For question numbers 9 - 15, indicate what respiratory parameter is indicated by the number near/on the arrows in the figure above.

5. # 16 # 17 # 19 # 22 # 20 # 18 # 21 RV = 1.5 L For question numbers 16 – 22, identify the respiratory parameter represented by the box in which the number is indicated, and also indicate the quantity (in liters) that the parameter normally represents in a healthy subject.

6. 23. Express the term ‘vital capacity’ in words. 24. Express the term ‘residual volume’ in words. 25. What is the respiratory parameter described by the following definition: “The amount of additional air that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal exhalation.” 26. Given the following values, calculate the: a) vital capacity and b) minute ventilation: IRV = 2500 ml, ERV = 900 ml, breathing rate = 16 bpm (Use normal, average tidal volume for your calculations) 27. Given the following values, calculate the IC: TLC = 6000 ml, ERV = 1500 ml, VC = 5000 ml

7. 28. A patient hyperventilates for 1 minute, and then attempts to breathe normally. a. What effect will this have on the breathing rate? b. Explain this effect on the breathing rate 29. Show how levels of CO 2 in the body are related to levels of H +. 30. A patient breathes into a paper bag (re-breathes her own air) for 2 minutes, and then attempts to breath normally. a. What effect will this have on the breathing rate? b. Explain this effect on the breathing rate

8. 31. What type of epithelium is this? 32. What part of the respiratory system would have the type of structure shown in the photomicrograph above?

9. 34. What structure is outlined by the red arrows 33. What organ is being shown in the photomicrograph above?

10. 1. Laryngopharynx 2. Larynx 3. Trachea

11. 4. #9 = trachea 5. #11 = left main bronchus 6. #14 = right secondary (lobar) bronchi 7. There are three secondary (lobar) bronchi in the right lung, i.e., there are as many secondary bronchi as there are lobes in a lung).

12. # 9 – TV (500 ml) # 10 - IRV # 11 - ERV # 12 - TLC # 15 - FRC # 14 - VC # 13 - IC 8. Spirometer For question numbers 9 - 15, indicate what respiratory parameter is indicated by the number near/on the arrows in the figure above.

13. # 16 – TLC (6.0 L) # 17 – IC (3.0 L) # 19 – IRV (2.5 L) # 22 – VC (4.5 L) # 20 – TV (500 ml) # 18 – FRC (3.0 L) # 21 – ERV (1.5L) RV = 1.5 L For question numbers 16 – 22, identify the respiratory parameter represented by the box in which the number is indicated, and also indicate the quantity (in liters) that the parameter normally represents in a healthy subject.

14. 23. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inhalation. 24. Residual volume is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation. 25. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 26. Given the following values, calculate the: a) vital capacity and b) minute ventilation: IRV = 2500 ml, ERV = 900 ml, breathing rate = 16 bpm (Use normal, average tidal volume for your calculations) Answers: a) VC = TV + IRV + ERV = 500 ml + 2500 ml + 900 ml = 3900 ml (3.9 L) b) Minute Volume = TV x breaths per min = 500 ml x 16 bpm = 8000 ml (8.0 L) **Answer to #27 is on next slide….

15. 27. Given the following values, calculate the IC: TLC = 6000 ml, ERV = 1500 ml, VC = 5000 ml Answer: IC = TV + IRV Since we’re not given the IRV, but we are given the VC and ERV, we should try to find an equation that includes all the values we are given. The following equation will allow us to solve for IRV because we’re given everything else: VC = TV + IRV + ERV 5000 ml = 500 ml + IRV + 1500 ml; IRV = 3000 ml. So, IC = 500 ml + 3000 ml = 3500 ml (3.5 L) Also note that this is easier to solve if you look at the table form of the respiratory parameters on slide 11. Looking at the table, you can see that we can also get the IRV by subtracting the (TV + ERV) from the VC. Once you do that, you can calculate the IC by adding the TV to the IRV.

16. 28. A patient hyperventilates for 1 minute, and then attempts to breathe normally. a. What effect will this have on the breathing rate? This will decrease the breathing rate. b. Explain this effect on the breathing rate. The decrease in the breathing rate following hyperventilation is caused by losing excess CO 2, which reduces stimulation of the medullary breathing (rhythmicity) center. 29. Show how levels of CO 2 in the body are related to levels of H +. CO 2 + H 2 O -> H 2 CO 3 -> H + + HCO 3 - 30. A patient breathes into a paper bag (re-breathes her own air) for 2 minutes, and then attempts to breath normally. a. What effect will this have on the breathing rate? The breathing rate will increase. b. Explain this effect on the breathing rate. The patient is elevating her levels of CO2 by re-breathing expired air, stimulating the medullary breathing center.

17. 31. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 32. The photomicrograph above is showing the trachea (note the hyaline cartilage of the ‘C’ rings on the lower right).

18. 34. The arrows are outlining an alveolus (simp. squamous epith.) 2. Larynx 33. This is a photomicrograph of lung tissue