2.  Diaphragm  Intercostal muscles  External intercostal muscles  Rectus abdominus  Sternocleidomastoid  Lungs  (Plural cavity)  (alveoli)  (Bronchus, Bronchiole, trachea,)

3.  M uscles, what are they doing, active contraction or relaxation.  M ovement – of the ribs and sternum and abdomen.  T horacic cavity volume, either increase or decrease which causes.  L ung volume to decrease or increase, which causes  I nspiration or expiration

4. RESTEXERCISE INSPIRATION EXPIRATION

5. RESTEXERCISE INSPIRATION DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS INCREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY DECREASE PRESSURE AIR MOVES IN EXPIRATION PASSIVE DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS DECREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY INCREASE PRESSURE AIR MOVES OUT

6. RESTEXERCISE INSPIRATION DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS INCREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY DECREASE PRESSURE AIR MOVES IN DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CONTRACT HARDER EXTRA MUSCLES GTER INCREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY GTER DECREASE PRESSURE MORE AIR MOVES IN EXPIRATION PASSIVE DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS DECREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY INCREASE PRESSURE AIR MOVES OUT INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS CONTRACT RECTUS ABDOMINUS CONTRACTS GTER DECREASE VOLUME OF THORACIC CAVITY GTER INCREASE PRESSURE MORE AIR MOVES OUT

7. A B  With reference to the mechanics of breathing describe how the cyclist is able to inspire great amounts of oxygen during the training ride.  [4]  Describe how the mechanics of breathing alter during exercise to expire greater volumes of carbon dioxide.  [4]

8. AB  4 marks maximum (inspire)  1External intercostal muscles contract with more force  2Diaphragm contracts/flattens  3More muscles involved/ pectoralis minor  sternocleidomastoid/scalenes  4 Rib cage lifted further up and out  5Pressure of thoracic cavity is decreased  6Volume of thoracic cavity increased  1.This process becomes active  2.Due to internal intercostal contracting  3.Abdominal muscles contracting  4.Diaphram pushed up harder/rib cage pulled in and down  5.Decrease in volume of thoracic cavity  6.Causing an increased pressure within thoracic cavity

9. ANSWER   This process becomes active  Due to internal intercostal contracting And abdominal muscles contracting  Diaphragm relaxes/pushed up  Rib cage pulled in and down  Causing a decrease in volume of thoracic cavity  Causing an increased pressure within thoracic cavity  More air pushed out of the lungs

10. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID, SCALENES AND PECTORALIS MINORIS CONTRACT DURING INSPIRATION RECTUS ABDOMINUS CONTRACTS DURING EXPIRATION

11. Candidates often: 1. Confuse the role of volume and pressure 2. Say the lungs contract!!!!!!!!!! 3. Forget to say that MORE air moves in and out during exercise

12. IS EITHER: EXTERNAL = AT THE ALVEOLI INTERNAL = AT THE MUSCLE CELL CAN BE EITHER O2 OR CO2 EXERCISE OR REST

13. ALL ABOUT PARTIAL PRESSURE OF ONE GAS WITHIN AIR EXTERNAL - OXYGEN - REST HIGH PPO2 IN ALVEOLI LOW PPO2 IN BLOOD CONCENTRATION GRADIENT GAS ALWAYS MOVES FROM HIGH TO LOW EXTERNAL - OXYGEN - EXERCISE SAME PPO2 IN ALVEOLI LOWER PPO2 IN BLOOD GTR CONCENTRATION GRADIENT MORE OXYGEN ENTERS BLOOD

14.  4 marks max:  1.Gas flows from area of high pressure/concentration to low pressure/concentration  2.Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is higher/increases in the lungs/alveoli  3.Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is lower/decreases in the blood  4.Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is lower/decreases in the lungs/alveoli  5.Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) is higher/increases in the blood  6.During exercise there is a greater pressure gradient for oxygen/ carbon dioxide/increased diffusion gradient  7.Increased blood flow to the lungs  8.Increased surface area of lungs Have to be in the answer

15. (How exchanged)  1High partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in blood  2Lower/decreased PO2 in muscle (cell)  3Increased diffusion/concentration gradient  4Increase in temperature allows increased release of oxygen from haemoglobin/increased dissociation of oxygen  5Bohr Effect/increase in acidity/increased CO2/carbonic acid/lactic acid/lower pH of blood allows greater release of oxygen from haemoglobin  6Myoglobin is used to transport/store more oxygen (to mitochondria) (Why beneficial) (2 marks sub max)  7Delays OBLA/delays fatigue  8Increased energy production/increased intensity/increased duration of exercise

16.   At site A (Lungs)  external respiration/alveolar-capillary membrane/exchange of gases between air and blood/via diffusion  the movement (through a semi-permeable membrane) from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure  the partial pressure of the oxygen in the blood is less than that in the alveoli  oxygen travels from the alveoli to the blood  carbon dioxide travels from the blood to the alveoli  the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is greater than that in the alveoli   OR   At site B (Tissues)  internal respiration/tissue-capillary membrane/exchange of gases between blood and tissues/via diffusion  the movement (through a semi-permeable membrane) from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure  oxygen travels from the blood to the tissues  the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is greater than that in the tissues  carbon dioxide travels from the tissues to the blood  the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood is less than that in the tissues

17.   Dissolved in plasma  Attaches to haemoglobin  Forms oxyhaemoglobinb/Hb + 02  

20. BAROCHEMO PROPRI O DETECT WHAT? INCREASE IN PRESSURE INCREASE IN ACIDITY MOVEMENT WHERE? IN THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE BLOOD IN TENDONS AND MUSCLE FIBRES

21.  LOCATED IN THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA  RECEIVES MESSAGES FROM THE RECEPTORS  SENDS MESSAGES TO THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES TO: CONTRACT HARDER OR START CONTRACTING TO ASSIST IN INSPIRATION OR EXPIRATION INTERCOSTAL NERVE TRANSMITS IMPULSE TO INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES PHRENIC NERVE TRANSMITS IMPULSE TO THE DIAPHRAGM

22.  RCC stimulated by (submax 1):  Prorioceptors detect movement  Baroreceptors monitor (blood) pressure! lung stretch receptors  Chemoreceptors detect changes in pH, blood chemistry!oxygen tension  Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature  RCC responds by:  Regulated by inspiratory!expiratory centres  Which sends nerve impulses (via phrenic/intercostals nerves)  To the respiratory muscles  Increased rate and depth of breathing

23.  Graph and chart questions. First thing to do is not panic. Read the question (RTFQ) Ensure that you know what it wants you to interpret.  If it wants you to draw chart then ensure that you add the values on the axis.  Lets look at a few.

24.  Minute ventilation is defined as the volume of air inspired or expired in one minute. (4 marks)  Sketch a graph below to show the minute ventilation of a swimmer completing a 20-minute submaximal swim. Show minute ventilation: prior to the swim, during the swim, for a ten minute recovery period.  [4]

25.  Prior  1.Starting value below 20 L/min  2.Anticipatory rise prior to exercise  During  3.Rapid rise (60-120L/min)  4.Slower rise/plateau (60-120L/min)  Recovery  5.Rapid decrease at end of exercise  6.Slower decrease towards resting value (Refer to diagram)

26.  Define minute ventilation and give an average value during maximal exercise. ( 2 marks)  Describe tidal volume. Explain what you would expect to happen to tidal volume during exercise. (2 marks) 

27.  Define minute ventilation and give an average value during maximal exercise. ( 2 marks)   (definition)  The volume of air inspired or expired in one minute/TVxf=VE (value)  Range 80- 180 L/min   Describe tidal volume. Explain what you would expect to happen to tidal volume during exercise. (2 marks)   Description  The volume of air inspired p expired per breath [1]  It would increase [1]

28. CRITICALLY EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WE MUST CONSIDER: RESPIRATORY MUSCLES CAPILLARISATION OF ALVEOLI TIDAL VOLUMES WE MUST CONSIDER: HEALTH AND PERFORMANCE ASTHMA SMOKING WE MUST CONSIDER: EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE EFFECT ON ASTHMA AND SMOKING SMOKING THEIR EFFECT ON EXERCISE

29.  Evaluate critically the impact of different types of physical activity on the respiratory system with reference to lifelong involvement in an active lifestyle (to include an awareness of asthma and smoking). 

30.  Respiratory Structures- External Respiration  increased surface area of alveoli  increased elasticity of lungs  increased capillary density around alveoli  greater amount of O2 diffused in to blood  greater amount of CO2 diffused in to alveoli  greater gaseous exchange/ increase pulmonary diffusion  greater saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen   Respiratory Structures- Internal Respiration  increased capillary density around muscle tissue  greater amount of O2 diffused in to muscle cell  greater amount of CO2 diffused in to blood  greater gaseous exchange/ increased muscle and tissue diffusion  increased a-VO2 difference  increased a-VCO2 difference  Improvements to Breathing Mechanisms  strengthens respiratory muscles/ respiratory muscle hypertrophy  diaphragm, intercostals, SCM, scalenes, abdominals  increased efficiency of the mechanics of breathing  increased depth of breathing  decreased breath frequency  reduces or delays respiratory muscle fatigue   Increases in Lung Volumes or Capacities  increased tidal volume during maximal exercise  increased vital capacity  decreased residual volume  increased inspiratory reserve volume  increased expiratory reserve volume

31.   These physiological adaptations would result in:  increased VO2 max  delays OBLA or lactate threshold/ increases endurance capabilities  lifelong involvement in physical activity   Altitude Training  reduced ppO2 / hypoxic conditions  initial decrease in the efficiency of the respiratory system  BUT increase in efficiency of respiratory system when returning to sea level  Reference to any relevant physiological response e.g increased capillary density.  Choice to live high or use hypoxic tents but train low   Asthma  aerobic training can trigger EIA  particularly in cold / dry conditions  asthma can inhibit people from taking part in aerobic training  Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) or aerobic training can alleviate symptoms of asthma   Smoking  decreases the efficiency of the respiratory system / decreases respiratory health  decreases the efficiency to supply O2 to muscles  carbon monoxide reduces the amount of O2 absorbed in blood/  Hb has greater affinity to CO than O2  decreased gaseous exchange or diffusion gradient  increases likelihood of respiratory diseases  (e.g. shortness of breath/ coughing/ lung cancer/ emphysema etc.)  damage to respiratory structures  tar coats the airways and inhibits gaseous exchange/tar builds up in lungs  impairs lung function  narrowing of air passages causing increase in respiratory resistance

32.  THE END