1. BACTERIA BACTERIOLOGY J. ALEJANDRO BRAMBILA C.. D. ED.

2. MICROBIOLOGY & PARASITOLOGY

3. MICROBIOLOGY BACTERIOLOGY VIROLOGY Microbiology MICOLOGY PARASITOLOGY

4. PARASITOLOGY ENTAMOEBAS PROTOZOA. MALARIE

5. PARASITOLOGY HELMINTHES MATAZOARIOS ARTHROPODS

6. bacteriology BACTERION MEANS = ROD = “ CANE “

7. PHENOTYPIC CLASSIFICATION MICROSCOPIC MACROSCOPIC BIOTYPING SEROTYPING ANTIBIOGRAM PATTERNS PHAGE TYPING

8. BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION GRAM STAIN : (+) POSITIVE (blue)‏ & (-) NEGATIVE (red)‏

9. GRAM STAIN 1880 DANES CHRISTIAN GRAM 4 STEPS : 1.- POUR ON CRYSTAL VIOLET 60 “ 2.- WASH OFF WATER & FLOOD IODINE SOL. 60 “ 3.- WASH OFF WATER AND THEN “DECOLORIZE “ WITH 95 % ALCOH. 4.- COUNTER STAIN WITH SAFRANIN 30 “ AND WASH OFF WITH WATER.

10. WHY ARE GRAM (+) OR (-) ? PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER : (+) = VERY THICK (-) = VERY THIN

11. MAJOR DIFERENCES GRAM (+) & (-)‏ (+ ) ( - )‏ PEPTIDOGLYCAN 60-100 % 5-10 % ENDOTOXIN NO YES (LPS)‏ except Listeria

12. EXCEPTIONS TO GRAM 1.- MYCOBACTERIUM : ACID –FAST 2.- SPIROCHETES : DARK FIELD 3.- MYCOPLASMA : NO CELL WALL

13. BACTERIAL CLASS. BY THE SHAPE : COCCI, BACILLI, CURVED, SPIRAL

14. BACTERIAL CLASS. AEROBIC ANAEROBIC

15. AEROBIC GRAM (+) COCCI CATALASE (+) : STAPHYLOCOCCUS CATALASE (-) : STREPTOCOCCUS

16. AEROBIC GRAM (+) BACILLI CORYNEBACTERIUM NOCARDIA MYCOBACTERIUM LISTERIA

17. AEROBIC GRAM (-)‏ NEISSERIA SALMONELLA ESCHERICHIA VIBRIO HELICOBACTER BRUCELLA

18. ANAEROBIC GRAM (+)‏ PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS CLOSTRIDIUM LACTOBACILLUS

19. ANAEROBIC GRAM (-)‏ VEILLONELLA BACTEROIDES

20. MISCELLANEOUS BACTERIA MYCOPLASMA TREPONEMA CHLAMYDIA RICKETTSIA

21. BACTERIAL STRUCTURE EUKARYOTES = GREEK FOR “ TRUE NUCLEUS” : CELLS FROM ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FUNGI. PROKARYOTES = GREEK FOR “ PRIMITIVE NUCLEUS” : BACTERIA

22. MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS CHARACT. EUKARYO. PROKARIO. Major groups alga, fungi, bacteria plants,animals Size > 5 micro 0.5–3 micro Nuclear struct. nucleus classic membr. No nuclear membrane

23. Major charact. chromosomes strands DNA single DNA diploid genome haploid Cytop. Structures. Mitochondria present absent Golgi bodies present absent Endoplasmic retic. present absent Ribosomes 80S 70 S

24. Major character. Cytoplasmic memb. Sterols no sterols Cell wall absent (chitin) protein. li- pids & pepti- doglycans Reproduction sexual & asexual (bina- asexual ry fission)‏ Respiration via mitochondria via cytop. memb.

25. BACT. METAB. H2S OR H2 SUN- LIGTH INORGA -NIC CO2PHOTO- SINTHE- TIC BACTE- RIAL -------- OXID. OF INORG. COMPO- UNDS INORGA -NIC CO2 AUTOTR -OPHIC

26. O2 REQUIREMENTS MOST BACTERIA I.E., ENTERO- BACTERIA- CEAE WILL RESPIRE AEOROBIC AND ANAERO- BIC FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES CAMPYLOBAC -TER HELICOBAC- TER. LOW O2MICROAERO- PHILIC

27. O2 REQ. BACTEROIDES CLOSTRIDIUM ACTINOMYCE 1.- NO SUPEROXIDA- SE 2.- NO CATALASE OBLIGATE ANAEROBES ACTINOMY- CES WHICH TOLERATE O2 AEROTOLE- RANT ANAEROBES

28. BACTERIAL METABOLISM -------- OAXIDA TION OF ORGAN. COMPO- UNDS ORGA- NIC OR INORGA -NIC ORGA- NIC HETE- ROTRO PHIC HYDRO- GEN SOUR- CE. ENER- GY SOUR- CE NITRO- GEN SOUR- CE CARB- ON SOUR- CE PHYSIO. TYPE

29. O2 REQUIREMENTS MYCOBAC- TERIUM PSEUDOMO- NAS REQUIRE O2 NO FERMENTATI- VE PATHWAYS PRODUCE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE OBLIGATE AEROBES KEY CHARATERIS- TICS CLASSIFICA- TION

30. Bacterial metabolism pH : Neutrophil 6 – 8 Acidophil 3 Alkalophil 10.5

31. Bact. Metab. Temperature : Psicrophil : 15 – 20 Mesophil : 30 – 37 Termophil : 50 – 60

32. Bact. Metab. Osmotic presion : osmophil ( hight )‏ Saline concentration : halophil ( hight )‏

33. Cell structures 1.- flagella 2.- pili (fimbriae)‏ 3.- capsules 4.- slime layer 4-.- spores ( some gram + )‏

34. Bact. Struct. Flagella types : Peritrics Monotrics lophotrics amphitrics

35. INFECTIOUS DISEASE PERIODS OR STAGES: 1.- INCUBATION 2.- PRECLINICAL (PRODROME )‏ 3.- INVASION (DEVELOPMENT COMPLETE)‏ 4.- ACME (MAXIM POINT)‏ 5.- DECLINE : RECOVERY OR CONVALESCENCE

36. Facultative intra cellular organisms 1.- listeria 2.- salmonella 3.- yersinia 4.- francisella 5.- brucella 6.- legionella 7.- mycobacterium

37. BACTERIAL PORT OF ENTRY 1.- INGESTION : SALMONELLA, SHIGELLA, BRUCELLA. 2.- INHALATION : MYCOBACTERIUM, STREPTOCOCCUS. 3.- TRAUMA : CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

38. ENTRY 4.- NEEDSTICK : STAPHYLOCOCCUS, PSEUDOMONAS. 5.- ARTHROPOD BITE : RICKETTSIAS, BORRELIA. 6.- SEXUAL TRANSMISION : N. GONORRHOEAE CHLAMYDIA, TREPONEMA.

39. PATHOGENIC ACTIONS 1.- TISSUE DESTRUCTION : ENZIMES. 2.- TOXIN PREFORMED : SYMPTOMS OCUR MUCH SOONER. 3.- ENDOTOXIN : DIC 4.- EXOTOXIN : TETANUS 5.- SUPERANTIGEN : TSST (S. aureus)‏ ERITHROGENIC ( Scarlet fever )

40. PATHOGENIC INFECTION 1.- NORMAL FLORA (COLONIZED )‏ 2.- VIRULENT BACTERIA ( INFLAMATORY RESPONSES)‏ 3,.- OPPORTUNISTIC BACTERIA (IMMUNODEFICIENCY)‏

41. DETERMINANT FACTORS A.- BACTERIAL STRAIN B.- INOCULUM SIZE : SHIGELLA : 200 VIBRIO or CAMPYLOBACTER 100 000 000

42. PATHOGENIC INFECTION PATH. VIRULENCE MECHANIMS : 1.- ADHERENCE 2.- INVASION 3.- TOXIN. 4.- ENDOTOXIN 5.- INDUCTION OF INFLAMATION 6.- EVASION OF PHAGOCITIC CAPSULE 7.- RESISTENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS

43. PATHOGENIC INF. ENDOTOXIN : 1.- FEVER 2.- LEUKOPENIA FOLLOWED OF LEUKOCYTOSIS 3.- ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT 4.- THROMBOCYTOPENIA 5.- DIC. 6.- SHOCK. 7.- DEATH.

44. PATHOGENIC INF, 1.- STRICT PATHOGENS : T.B., GONORRHEA, MALARIA, RABIES. 2.- OPPORTUNISTIC : STAPHYLOCOCCUS, ESCHERICHIA, CANDIDA