1. Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Energy in a substance: Measured by how much heat it releases Energy is measured in calories One calorie heats one gram of water one degree Celsius Food energy is measured in Calories –One Calorie = 1 kilocalorie (1000 calories) Cells release the energy in glucose to make ATP molecules

2. Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups ATP Molecule What would ADP look like?

3.  The breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP is called Cellular Respiration.  Occurs in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic cells (plant & animal)

4. Equation for Aerobic cellular respiration: 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy (reactants)(products) Oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy  Cellular respiration begins with glycolysis, breaks glucose into 2 smaller molecules (pyruvate & makes 2 ATP’s)  These 2 ATP’s are burned to make many more later.  After glycolysis, what happens next depends on whether or not oxygen is present.

5. If oxygen is present… It is called Aerobic Cellular Respiration, which consists of: A total of 36 ATP’s = a lot!

6. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration- “Fermentation”  If no oxygen is present, cells make ATP energy through this process.  The ATP total is only 2, compared to 36 for aerobic respiration.  There are two types of fermentation that begin with glycolysis, but occur in different types of organisms.

7. Alcoholic Fermentation  Occur in yeasts and microorganisms  Produces ethanol (alcohol, what we drink in alcoholic beverages), carbon dioxide, and 2 ATP’s.  Important to the alcoholic beverage industry and to the baking industry  The CO2 makes the bubbles in beer or air spaces in rising bread

8. Lactic Acid Fermentation  Occurs in animal muscle cells.  Happens when animals become breathless, especially during physical activity (exercise).  Causes muscle cramps and sore muscles.  Products: lactic acid & 2 ATP’s

9.  Slowing down and catching your breath switches you back to aerobic respiration.  Don’t exercise to the point of breathlessness!  Some bacteria that go through lactic acid fermentation are used in the food and beverage industry  Cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut

10. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Comparison: Yeast cells Either of these forms produces only 2 ATPs. Animal muscle cells Produces alcohol, CO2 Isn’t much, and its better for cells to run aerobic respiration. Produces lactic acid (muscle soreness) Alcoholic In common Lactic acid

11. Comparing photosynthesis and respiration

12. Photosynthesis and respiration are opposite processes Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from air Cellular respiration puts it back Photosynthesis puts oxygen into air Respiration removes it Photosynthesis captures energy and converts it into glucose Respiration releases the energy from glucose