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Cell Energy: ATP, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Chapters 8 & 9
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I. Energy for the Cell A. ATP= Adenosine Triphosphate 3 major parts to ATP: 1. Adenine 2. Ribose (sugar) 3. Three phosphates Adenosine
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adenine ribose three phosphates
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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B. How is energy released from ATP? 1. Break a bond between 2 nd & 3 rd phosphates This releases ENERGY to be used by cells!
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3 rd phosphate is broken off
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ATP breaking down to ADP and releasing ENERGY!
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2. ADP= Adenosine Diphosphate Only 2 phosphates ADP is recycled to make ATP [add a phosphate] If ADP/ATP is not reused, we would eat 24/7 just to have enough energy!
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ADP being recycled to create ATP once again.
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II.PHOTOSYNTHESIS A. Photosynthesis = process trapping light energy to make GLUCOSE [chemical (food) energy]
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6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + sunlight 6 carbon dioxide 6 water C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O26O2 1 glucose 6 oxygen
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B. Where does it take place? PLANTS only; in the LEAVES In plant cell, inside CHLOROPLASTS
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Chlorophyll = pigment that captures light energy from sun found in THYLAKOID DISCS in chloroplasts
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http://www.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio100/Locked/media/ch06/DB06100.jpg
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III. Structure of Chloroplasts A. See output
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Thylakoid: Green disk in the chloroplast Granum stack: Stack of green thylakoids Stroma: Space inside the chloroplast
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IV. Photosynthesis has 2 phases: 1. Light Dependent Reactions 2. Light Independent Reactions
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1.Light DEPENDENT rxns (Occurs in thylakoids) A. Makes ATP & NADPH and O 2
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B. Three Processes: a. Electron transport chain (ETC) 1) light hits chlorophyll & energizes e - 2) e - move down a chain to make NADPH (a form of energy)
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b. Photolysis = splits water to make oxygen (O 2 ), hydrogen ions 2H 2 O 4H + + 4e - + 0 2
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c. Chemiosmosis moves H+ (made in photolysis) to stroma to make ATP
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http://www.mun.ca/biology/singleton/Topic%2012/lPlantNutrition&Metabolism.htm
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2. Light INDEPENDENT Reactions (CALVIN CYCLE) A. makes glucose from CO 2 using NADPH & ATP made in light dep. rxns
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a. Occurs in light or dark c. Glucose has 6 carbons & CO 2 has only 1 carbon b. Occurs in stroma cycle must go around 6 times to make 1 glucose B. Process
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Light O2O2 Sugars CO 2 NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast Light Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION = process that breaks down glucose to make ATP occurs PLANT & ANIMAL cells
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C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O26O2 1 glucose6 oxygen 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP 6 carbon dioxide 6 water
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Glucose Glycolysis Oxygen present No oxygen present Aerobic Respiration Fermentation
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Glycolysis – breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid occurs in cytoplasm ANAEROBIC = does not require oxygen (can still occur if O 2 present)
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Makes : 4 ATP Uses:2 ATP NET TOTAL:2 ATP
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2 major stages (after glycolysis) A. Aerobic Respiration = breaks down glucose to make ATP when O 2 is available occurs in MITOCHONDRIA
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occurs in MATRIX [space within mitochondria] AEROBIC = requires oxygen makes 2 ATP 1) Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle) – uses pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) to make ATP & CO 2
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2) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) – Makes H 2 O & ATP from O 2 and H + Occurs in CRISTAE (inner membrane) AEROBIC makes 34 ATP
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ENERGY MADE FROM AEROBIC RESPIRATION: Glycolysis = 2 ATP Citric Acid Cycle= 2 ATP (Kreb’s Cycle) ETC = 34 ATP From 1 glucose 38 ATP!
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Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion
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B. FERMENTATION (Anaerobic Respiration) = breaks down glucose to make ATP when no O 2 is available begins after glycolysis
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2 major types: 1) Lactic acid fermentation – glucose breaks down to make lactic acid & CO 2 makes 2 ATP (including glycolysis)
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occurs in bacteria occurs in human muscle cells [under heavy exercise, not enough O 2 – lactic acid builds up in muscles & makes you sore] [yogurt, cheese, etc.]
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2) Ethyl alcohol fermentation – glucose breaks down to make ethyl alcohol & CO 2 makes 2 ATP (including glycolysis) occurs in yeast [bread rises because CO 2 bubbles formed in dough]
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