1. 3:48 PM What are they? Vitamins Nutrition

2. 3:48 PM Nutrition Vitamins Why are we tired without them?

3. 3:48 PM Nutrition Vitamins Eijkman, Indonesia, 1890

4. 3:48 PM Vitamins Definition Organic Essential Small Amounts

5. 3:48 PM Vitamins International Units 1 International Unit Vitamin A = 0.0003 mg 1 International Unit Vitamin C = 0.000025 mg 1 International Unit Vitamin D = 0.05 mg * International Units must NEVER be abbreviated to IU This is mandated by JCAHO, IOM, ISMP

6. 3:48 PM Vitamins General Functions Coenzymes Antioxidants Food Additives

7. 3:48 PM Vitamins Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Adequate Intake (AI) Tolerable Uptake Intake Level (UL)

8. 3:48 PM Vitamins Properties Solubility Storage Excretion

9. 3:48 PM Vitamins Solubility Fat Soluble Water Soluble

10. 3:48 PM Vitamins: Fat Soluble A ngels D o E verything K indly

11. 3:48 PM Vitamin A (Retinol)

12. 3:48 PM Vitamin A (Retinol)

13. 3:48 PM Vitamin A (Retinol) Double Vision Hair Loss Liver Damage Night Blindness Macular Degeneration Brittle Hair and Skin

14. 3:48 PM Vitamin A (Retinol) GI Disorders (Gall Bladder, Pancreas) Intestinal Problems (IBS, Crohn’s) Children with deficient diets

15. 3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)

16. 3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)

17. 3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Hypocalcemia Children - Rickets Adults - Osteoporosis Calcification of Soft Tissues and Organs Hypertension Hypercalcemia

18. 3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) Taking a closer look at Rickets

19. 3:48 PM Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) GI Disorders (Gall Bladder, Pancreas) Intestinal Problems (IBS, Crohn’s) Children People with limited sunlight exposure

20. 3:48 PM Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

21. 3:48 PM Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

22. 3:48 PM Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Premature Infants – Hemolytic Anemia Children and Adults – Weakness Interferes with Vitamin K and clotting mechanism

23. 3:48 PM Vitamin E (Tocopherol) GI Disorders (Gall Bladder, Pancreas) Intestinal Problems (IBS, Crohn’s) Premature Infants

24. 3:48 PM Vitamin K

25. 3:48 PM Vitamin K

26. 3:48 PM Vitamin K May lead to hemorrhage Interferes with anticoagulant effect of coumadin

27. 3:48 PM Vitamin K Malabsorption Syndromes Persons undergoing intestinal surgery Newborns

28. 3:48 PM Vitamins: Water Soluble

29. 3:48 PM Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

30. 3:48 PM Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

31. 3:48 PM Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) GI Disturbances Diarrhea Tissue Bleeding Poor wound healing Scurvy

32. 3:48 PM Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Taking a closer look at Scurvy Bleeding Gums Periungual Bleeding

33. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine)

34. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine)

35. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) No known toxicities Wernicke’s Encephalopathy BeriBeri

36. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) Taking a closer look at BeriBeri

37. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 1 (Thiamine) Alcoholics Diabetics

38. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin)

39. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin)

40. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 2 (Riboflavin) No known toxicities Usually found in conjunction with other B Vitamin deficiencies No single B2 deficiency

41. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin)

42. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin)

43. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin) Disorders of the skin and nervous system Pellegra Flushing and tingling of the skin

44. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate) Taking a closer look at Pellegra

45. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 3 (Niacin) Poor dietary intake Eating disorders

46. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine)

47. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine)

48. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 6 (Pyridoxine) Irritability Convulsions Uncoordinated Movements Nerve Damage

49. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate)

50. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate)

51. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate) May mask Vitamin B12 deficiency Megaloblastic Anemia Neural Tube Defects Spina Bifida

52. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate) Taking a closer look at Spina Bifida

53. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 9 (Folate) Pregnant Women

54. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin)

55. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin)

56. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin) No toxicity symptoms Pernicious Anemia – lack of the intrinsic factor necessary for B12 absorption

57. 3:48 PM Vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin) Pernicious Anemia (lack of intrinsic factor) Vegans (vegetarians who eat no meat) Elderly (decreased intrinsic factor) Stomach and/or intestinal surgeries

58. 3:48 PM The Others The other water soluble vitamins are fairly plentiful in foods and are associated with no significant deficiency or toxicity risks. How to be sure your diet contains enough of the various vitamins? Eat a balanced and varied diet.