1. Modern World History Assign. #5-4 “Africa in the 20 th Century”

2. Division of Africa (#1) The scramble for Africa began in full by 1880 with the French now in West Africa and diamonds and gold discovered in South Africa Berlin Conference – a meeting of 14 European nations in 1884-1885 that set rules for the dividing of Africa into colonies so that they could avoid war between each other Only Liberia and Ethiopia were the free nations by 1914

3. Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies Africa provided raw materials and resources like tin, copper, diamonds, and gold, but did not buy European goods Europeans set up cash crop plantations to grow peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber, which displaced food crops grown by farmers to feed their families

4. Black African Nationalism (#2) Négritude – means “Blackness,” and stemmed from the Pan-African, black nationalism movement that began in the U.S. it led to a revival of pride for Africa’s great traditions, values, and culture It was expressed by writers and nationalist leaders, particularly in French-held territories in sub-Saharan Africa (like Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana)

5. Impact of WWII on Africa (#3) African soldiers fought alongside Europeans in WWII The soldiers who returned to Africa after the war were unwilling to accept colonial domination Europeans began to question the cost and morality of maintaining colonies abroad

6. African Independence A new urban African elite had been forming that created organizations that led grassroots protests against African imperialism European powers believed that the African people were not ready to rule themselves and planned a slow transition to independence The presence of white settlers complicated things as European nations felt compelled to protect them Independence was gained at different paces and with varying degrees of violence

7. Ghana Gains Independence Without Violence (#4) Kwame Nkrumah – nationalist leaders like him who conducted strikes and boycotts in the Gold Coast were jailed and repressed Great Britain gradually allowed reforms and turned over power The Gold Coast became the first sub- Saharan nation to gain independence from colonial rule (renamed itself Ghana) Nkrumah became a strong supporter for Pan-African unity Ghana received its name from an empire from centuries earlier as part of the Négritude movement

8. Kenya Turns Violent (#4) White settlers pushed Kenyans off their land in the 1930s Labor strikes and violence against these landlords took place in the 1940s Militant nationalists began a civil war in 1947 and were labeled communists The British government launched military offensives against the rebels and suppressed all nationalists (violent or not) and killed more than 10,000 Finally the British gave in to local and international calls for Kenyan independence in 1963 Jomo Kenyatta – a nationalist leader who was jailed by the British for 10 years and later became the first president of independent Kenya and worked hard to unite the different ethnic and language groups in his nation Young and old Jomo

9. French Decolonization in Africa Like in French Indochina in Southeast Asia, France resisted giving up its colonial possessions While focusing its efforts on Vietnam (lost in 1954) and Algeria (lost in 1962) it allowed its other African possessions to gain independence Morocco and Tunisia were given independence in 1956, while 10 others gained it in 1960 (“The Year of Africa”) Morocco Tunisia

10. War in Algeria (#5) The French fought for Algeria as it had 1 million French settlers living there A revitalized nationalist movement was born in Algeria following WWII When French colonial police fired shots at a peaceful demonstration of Algerians in 1945 it set off a revolt, which the French violently suppressed The Algerian War for Independence began in 1956 National Liberation Front (FNL) resorted to guerrilla warfare The French were trying to protect their citizens and economic interests there Hundreds of thousands died in the fighting The war ended after 8 years in 1962 with Algeria gaining its independence

11. Algeria after Independence (#5) The first president of an independent Algeria tried to create a socialist state He was overthrown in 1965 by his army commander Algeria tried to modernize and industrialize with limited success from 1965 to 1988, and suffered high unemployment rates Many Muslims wanted to make Algeria an Islamic state A civil war broke out in 1991 between Islamic militants and the government A dictatorship took power after a ceasefire in the civil war in 1998 Protests in 2011 led to promises of political reforms and freedom of speech, but little has changed

12. Congo Caught in Cold War Confli ct (#6) Belgian Congo was probably the most brutal European colony in Africa Independent in 1960 and became known as Zaire in 1971, it is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997 A Marxist leaning prime minister was killed in a military coup supported by the U.S. in 1961 The new regime was led by a repressive and extremely corrupt dictatorship led by Col. Mobutu Though the dictator Mobutu was overthrown in 1997, political stability has escaped the nation (assassinations and civil war rebellions) It has been caught up in the civil wars in neighboring Uganda and Rwanda and has seen millions of its people die in the fighting Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba

13. Independence for Angola (#7) Angola won its independence from Portugal in 1975 after a costly war lasting 14 years A civil war broke out between a leftist group supported by the USSR and an opposition group supported by the U.S. Fighting lasted until 2002 and resulted in 1 million people killed, and 4 million (1/3 of the nation’s population) displaced from their homes Currently the fighting has stopped and democratic elections have taken place in recent years

14. Genocide in Rwanda Rwanda, a tiny African nation in East Africa gained its independence from Belgium in 1962 The main ethnic groups, the Hutus and the Tutsis, have fought an on- and-off war for over 40 years since After a suspicious plane crash killed the Rwandan president, a Hutu, in 1994 the Hutus slaughtered 1 million Tutsis The Tutsis rebels finally overthrew the Hutus and ended the fighting in 1996 2 million Hutus fled Rwanda to neighboring nations following the defeat

15. Negative Effects of Imperialism (#8) Africans lost their lands and thousands lost their lives to disease (smallpox), resistance warfare, and famine due to cash crop farming Traditional cultures destroyed as leaders replaced, and people forced to find new ways to support themselves as traditional ways of life destroyed The political division of once unified people due to Europeans drawing artificial borders to their colonies that divided people creating problems when these nations became independentpolitical division

16. Failure of Democratic Governments (#9) Europeans built mines and plantations, but not factories (which led to a small middle class) Europeans also didn’t promote widespread education, so not prepared to run government administration In most nations Europeans didn’t support limited self-rule, so African people had little experience with democracy Rival groups often fought for power Strong militaries were used by ambitious leaders to dominate the new governments

17. Nigeria After Independence (#10) Nigeria gained its independence peacefully from the British in 1960 3 major ethnic groups reside within the borders of Nigeria Originally power was shared between the three regions but eventually civil war broke out in 1967 The military dictatorship that ruled Nigeria stepped down in 1979, only to be replaced by another military dictatorship in 1983 Free elections finally took place in 1999 Nigeria has become more unified and has profited off of the sale of oil However, it still has problems of violence, corruption, poverty, and hunger

18. Apartheid in South Africa (#11) South Africa – Independent nation with in the British Commonwealth in 1931 Oppressive white regime denied black majority of people basic political, civil, and human rights White government, led by Afrikaner National Party, put forth apartheid laws that promoted “Separateness” Apartheid: promoted white supremacy in South Africa through laws (whites are minority, but get most land rights) Social contact between whites and blacks was not allowed Segregation set up in schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods

20. Apartheid in South Africa (#12) African National Congress (ANC) – group that fought for rights for Africans in South Africa some leaders like Nelson Mandela were jailedNelson Mandela Others were killed like Stephen Biko International pressure was put on South Africa to end apartheid as many nations imposed trade restrictions Under leadership of F. W. de Klerk in late 1980s, the system of apartheid was abolished Mandela released from prison, a new constitution written, elections held in 1994, and Mandela becomes first black president of South Africa

21. Problems Faced by New Independent African Nations Extremely unequal distribution of wealth with large-scale poverty Little industrial development Drought and cash crop farming has led to severe famines (Ethiopia) Ethnic divisiveness lead to civil wars in nations like Rwanda and Sudan Organization of African Unity (OAU) – formed to prevent conflicts decided to keep artificial boundaries to prevent more conflicts Fledgling democracies often fell to dictators who would not give up power

22. AIDS Epidemic (#13 & #14) AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) – disease that attacks the immune system that was first detected in the 1980s Over 25 million have died from the disease since, with over 45 million living with the HIV virus that causes AIDS About 70% of the world’s HIV and AIDS sufferers live in this region, causing a tremendous loss of economic productivity