1. Chapter 16 Politics and Reform Section 3 The Rise of Segregation

2. Resistance and Repression After Reconstruction, most African Americans were sharecroppers, or landless farmers who had to give the landlord a large share of their crops to cover their costs for rent & farming supplies. After Reconstruction, most African Americans were sharecroppers, or landless farmers who had to give the landlord a large share of their crops to cover their costs for rent & farming supplies.

3. Exodus to Kansas 1879 – Benjamin “Pap” Singleton organized a mass migration of A.A., called exodusters, from the rural South to Kansas.

4. Forming a Separate Alliance Some stayed in the South formed the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance. Some stayed in the South formed the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance. Organization worked to help its members set up cooperatives. Organization worked to help its members set up cooperatives. Many joined the Populist Party. Many joined the Populist Party.

5. Crushing the Populist Revolt Threatened by the power of the Populist Party, Dem. leaders began using racism to try to win back the poor white vote in the South. Threatened by the power of the Populist Party, Dem. leaders began using racism to try to win back the poor white vote in the South.

6. Disfranchising African Americans Southern states used loopholes in the 15 th Amendment and began to impose restrictions that barred almost all African Americans to vote. Southern states used loopholes in the 15 th Amendment and began to impose restrictions that barred almost all African Americans to vote. 1890 – Mississippi required all citizens registering to vote to pay a poll tax, which most A.A. couldn’t afford to pay. 1890 – Mississippi required all citizens registering to vote to pay a poll tax, which most A.A. couldn’t afford to pay. State also required a literacy test. State also required a literacy test.

7. Disfranchising African Americans Number of A.A. and poor whites registered to vote fell dramatically in the South. Number of A.A. and poor whites registered to vote fell dramatically in the South. To allow poor whites to vote, some states had a grandfather clause. To allow poor whites to vote, some states had a grandfather clause. This clause allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867. This clause allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867.

8. Legalizing Segregation In the South, segregation, or separation of the races, was enforced by laws as Jim Crow laws. In the South, segregation, or separation of the races, was enforced by laws as Jim Crow laws. 1883 – Supreme Court overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875. 1883 – Supreme Court overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875. This meant that private organizations were free to practice segregation. This meant that private organizations were free to practice segregation.

9. Legalizing Segregation Plessy v. Ferguson – endorsed “separate but equal” for A.A. Plessy v. Ferguson – endorsed “separate but equal” for A.A. Late 1800s, mob violence increased in the U.S. Late 1800s, mob violence increased in the U.S. B/w 1890 & 1899, hundreds of lynchings – executions w/o proper court proceedings – took place. B/w 1890 & 1899, hundreds of lynchings – executions w/o proper court proceedings – took place.

10. African American Response 1892 – Ida B. Wells began a crusade against lynching. 1892 – Ida B. Wells began a crusade against lynching. She wrote articles & a book denouncing lynchings and mob violence. She wrote articles & a book denouncing lynchings and mob violence.

11. Booker T. Washington Educator, urged fellow A.A.’s to concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than legal or political ones. Explained his views in the Atlanta Compromise.

12. W.E.B. Du Bois He challenged the Atlanta Comp. He challenged the Atlanta Comp. Said white southerners ctd. to take away the civil rights of A.A., even though they were making progress in education and vocational training. Said white southerners ctd. to take away the civil rights of A.A., even though they were making progress in education and vocational training. He believed that A.A. had to demand the right to vote to gain equality. He believed that A.A. had to demand the right to vote to gain equality.

13. End of Chapter 16