2. Weed Management under INM in Rice EndPreviousNext

3. Introduction  Weed management is an important component of INM in rice. Weeds compete with the rice plants for space, water, light, nutrients and other resources. Uncontrolled weeds reduce growth and yield of rice substantially besides depleting the soil nutrients. Hence, for effective INM, weeds needs to be controlled in time.  Weed management is becoming increasing important as farmers move to direct seeding and as water is becoming less available. Integrated weed management will rely on a range of practices to decrease weed pressures, including, good and timely land preparation, good land leveling, good water management, good crop establishment, healthy and clean seeds, etc.with use of appropriate agrochemicals. EndPreviousNext

4. Common weed species in rice Table 1. Some common and prominent weeds under tropical rice Weed nameWeed growth habit and weed nature SEDGES Cyperus difformisErect, smooth, densely tufted annual sedge; Life cycle - approx 30 d Cyperus iriaSmooth, tufted, annual sedge; Prolific seed production Cyperus rotundusErect, tuber forming, perennial sedge; Persistent, produces many tubers Fimbristylis miliaceaErect, tufted, annual sedge; Produce many seeds and germinate throughout the season GRASSES Echinochloa colonaSmooth, tufted annual grass Echinochloa crusgalli Erect annual grass; Prolific seed producer. Tillers profusely, grows throughout the year and early on resembles rice Ischaemum rugosumAggressive, erect or straggling, tufted annual grass; Vigorous and aggressive. Resembles rice early on. Leptochloa chinesis Stringly tufted annual or short lived perennial grass; Propogates from cuttings and therefore spread by tillage BROADLEAF WEEDS Ipomea aquaticaSmooth widely spreading perennial broadleaf vine; Fast growing, roots at nodes Monochoria vaginalisAnnual, semiaquatic broadleaf; Seeds germinate throughout the season - aggressive in high N soils End Previous Next

5. Cyprus iria Fimbristylis miliaceaFimbristylis miliacea Common weed species in rice EndPreviousNext

6. Echinochloa crusgalli Leptochloa chinensis Common weed species in rice EndPreviousNext

7. A farming system that utilizes an array of inter-dependent cultural, biological and herbicidal weed control practices is generally referred as Integrated Weed Management (IWM). It is essential that IWM involves an array of tools including the rotation of available herbicide groups, ensuring that weeds are exposed to a diverse range of control mechanisms. The different components of IWM are discussed below: (i)Preventative strategies (ii)Physical strategies (iii)Cultural strategies (iv)Biological strategies (v)Chemical strategies Integrated weed management in rice EndPreviousNext

8. Tillage: Soil tillage enables the farmer to attack many weed survival mechanisms. For annual weeds, the tillage objective is to prevent seed production and deplete current seed reserves in the soil. This is accomplished by encouraging weed seeds to germinate, then subsequently killing them. With perennials, destruction of the underground parts is sought, as well as the prevention of seed production and reduction of seed reserves. Deep tillage buries weed seeds and temporarily minimizes weed problems, but subsequent tillage will bring these seeds to the surface again. Seeds in the soil can germinate many years after burial - sometimes for up to 40 years or more. Contd…. (ii) Physical strategies EndPreviousNext

9. Hand Weeding: Annual and biennial weeds and non-creeping perennials can be destroyed by simply pulling them out. This is best done when the soil is moist and before seed is produced. Mulching: The principle of mulching is to exclude light from the tops of the weeds until the reserve food supply in the roots is depleted and the weeds starve. Mulches include clean straw, hay or manure, tar paper, sawdust and black plastic. Black plastic is very effective. It is useful in suppressing weeds under direct seeding of rice. (ii) Physical strategies EndPreviousNext

10. Crop Rotations: Continuous cropping of same crop results in an increase in weed populations, chiefly annuals. Repeated plantings of the same crop favour the development of insects and diseases which result in weak or patchy stands which are easily invaded by weeds. Annual weeds in rice can be reduced by rotating with legumes or following intercropping with legumes. Plant Competition: Weeds are strong competitors by nature. If not, they would fail nature's survival tests. Usually, early weed competition reduces crop yield far greater than late season weed growth. It naturally follows then, that early weed control is exceptionally important. Therefore, optimum plant population needs to be adjusted to control the weeds. The most that should be expected is suppression of weed growth and a measure of practical control through competition. Contd… (iii) Cultural strategies EndPreviousNext

11. Crop Establishment: As a general rule, the first plants to germinate and emerge in an area tend to exclude all others. Therefore, it is critical when considering plant competition as a weed management tool to establish a vigorous dense crop. Crop germination, if sowing/planting has been correctly done, is generally rapid and predictable. If pre-seeding weed growth has been killed, at least a temporary advantage has been gained for the crop. Transplanting gives the plant a competitive advantage against weeds. Good Seedbed - Stale Seedbed Technique: A good seedbed is prepared, but no seeds are planted. After a good growth of weeds have emerged, they are killed using a non-selective herbicide with no residual effect in the soil. The crop is then planted with as little disturbance of the soil as possible to avoid bringing fresh weed seeds to the surface. Contd… (iii) Cultural strategies EndPreviousNext

12. Crop Variety: It is important to choose a variety of rice that is well adapted to local conditions of soil, water, climate and disease resistance. Fertilization: The fertility of the soil affects both the vigour of crop plants and the vigour of weeds. Many weeds can utilize fertilizers as well as or better than crop plants. Nevertheless, if most of the weeds are suppressed or killed by tillage or herbicides, the extra vigour given to the crop by fertilizers will make them better competitors. Placement of the fertilizer in the crop rows has an advantage over broadcast fertilization because most of the fertilizer is directly available to the crop. (iii) Cultural strategies EndPreviousNext

13. Biological control refers to the use of natural agents such as insects, nematodes, fungi, viruses or fish for the control of weeds. There have been a number of successes using biocontrol and this method is receiving increased attention in the world. Certain fishes have been used to control weeds under submerged situatiuons. (iv) Biological strategies EndPreviousNext

14. (v) Chemical strategies Herbicides Dose (kg/ha) Application time and remarks Butachlor1.0-1.5 Pre-emergence at 3-5 days after transplanting (DAT) on saturated soil; No irrigation or standing water impounded for at least 3 days after treatment. Benthiocarb"--- do --- Pendimethalin"--- do --- Pretilachlor (S)0.3-0.4Pre-emergence at 3-5 DAT Metsulfuron- methyl 0.010- 0.015 Post-emergence at 30-35 days after sowing (DAS); basically a broad-leaved weed killer and recommended as a substitute of 2,4-D. Bentazon1.0-2.0 At 30-35 DAT where broad-leaved weeds and sedges particularly Cyperus esculentus pose problem; could be a substitute of 2,4-D. Oxadiazon0.5-0.75Pre- or early post-emergence; soil surface should not be disturbed after its application. Table 2. List of herbicides suitable for weed control in rice EndPreviousNext

15. Increasing transplanting costs in southeast Asia have encouraged farmers to adopt labour-saving crop establishment techniques for rice, such as wet seeding. This practice has been accompanied by an increase in weed problems and a shift in the dominant species to grassy weeds. It is impossible to produce rice economically without a well-planned weed control programme. The problems caused by weeds in wet-seeded rice and ways of controlling them by preventive, ecological, managerial, physical and chemical means have been discussed in detail. Herbicides are the most cost-effective weed control method in wet-seeded rice but there is a need to reduce the almost total reliance on them for weed control; cultural practices need to be integrated with judicious herbicide use. Let us sum up EndPreviousNext