1. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use. Chapter 4 Pronouns

2. Learning Objectives: Level 1 Use subjective, objective, and possessive pronouns correctly. Choose the correct pronoun in compound constructions, comparatives, appositives, reflexives, and following linking verbs. 4-2 © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

3. Guidelines for Using Personal Pronouns Pronouns fall into three cases. 4-3 Subjective Case I you he she it we you they Objective Case me you him her it us you them Possessive Case my, mine your, yours his hers its our, ours your, yours their, theirs SingularPlural © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

4. Basic Use of Subjective Case Subjective-case pronouns are used as subjects of verbs. 4-4 is the supervisor we hired last month. He is the supervisor we hired last month. asked if they were coming. We asked if they were coming. submitted the report on time. They submitted the report on time. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

5. Basic Use of Objective Case Objective-case pronouns are used as objects of verbs and prepositions. 4-5 The manager called us. We told them our plans. That desk is for her. Requests are sent to him. Object of verb Object of preposition © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

6. TIP 4-6 When the words between, but, like, and except are used as prepositions, be sure to use an objective-case pronoun for the object of the preposition. No one but (I or me?) has the combination. Workers like Brad and (she or her?) are excellent. Let’s keep this between you and (I or me?). © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

7. Basic Use of Possessive Case Possessive pronouns show ownership or special relationship. They require NO apostrophes: hers, yours, ours, theirs, its. 4-7 is the shiny red Jeep. Hers is the shiny red Jeep. report is here; where is ? Our report is here; where is yours ? hood makes the machine less noisy. Its hood makes the machine less noisy. is the house with white trim. Theirs is the house with white trim. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

8. TIP 4-8 Don’t confuse contractions with possessive pronouns. There’s an exit at the rear. (There’s = There is) Although it’s late, we must finish. (it’s = it is) You’re sure to get the job (You’re = You are) HINT: Possessive pronouns never have apostrophes © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

9. Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Appositives Comparatives Compounds Challenges In Using Personal Pronouns Challenges In Using Personal Pronouns 4-9 Subject Complements Subject Complements © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

10. Compounds When pronouns appear as compound subjects or objects, ignore the extra noun or pronoun and related words. 4-10 Only the manager and I (not me ) will attend. Mrs. Kuwata assigned Mike and me (not I ) to the job. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

11. Comparatives In statements of comparison, finish the implied comparison in order to determine pronoun case. 4-11 No one works harder than she (not her ). (No one works harder than she works.) Smoking annoys me as much as him. (Smoking annoys me as much as it annoys him.) © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

12. Which is correct? My husband loves money as much as I. 4-12 OR My husband loves money as much as me. See the difference? © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

13. Appositives Appositives: rename or explain previously mentioned nouns or pronouns When pronouns are used in apposition, temporarily ignore the appositive. 4-13 We (not Us ) clerks have our own union. The lockers are for us (not we ) girls. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

14. Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns: end in self or selves Do not use a reflexive pronoun unless it refers to a previously stated noun or pronoun in the same sentence. 4-14 I myself placed the order. My friend and I (not myself ) will apply. The mail is for Lisa and him (not himself ). © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

15. Subject Complement Whenever a pronoun follows a linking verb, that pronoun will be in the subjective case. 4-15 It was he who volunteered. The caller might have been she. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

16. Try Your Skill 4-16 Select the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer 1.Please reply to Tyler or (I, me, myself). 2.My friend and (I, me, myself) both applied for the job. 3.(Yours, Your’s) is the aisle seat. 4.Everyone plans to attend the seminar except Sue and (she, her).

17. ^ scored Try Your Skill 5.Ryan scored lower than (he, him). 6.The movie surprised me as much as (she, her). 7.(We, Us) attorneys plan to appeal the decision. 8.What shade of red is (its, it’s) exterior? 4-17 ^ it surprised Select the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

18. Summary of Pronoun Cases Subjective Case Subject of verb Subject complement Infinitive to be without subject Objective Case Direct or indirect object of verb Object of preposition Object of an infinitive Infinitive to be with subject 4-18© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

19. Learning Objectives: Level 2 Make pronoun references clear, and ensure that personal pronouns agree with their antecedents in number and gender. Make personal pronouns agree with subjects joined by or or nor, indefinite pronouns, collective nouns, company and organization names, and the adjectives each and every. 4-19 © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

20. 4-20 Fundamentals of Pronoun- Antecedent Agreement © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

21. 4-21 Clear Reference Number Agreement Plural Pronoun Antecedent Location Gender Agreement Gender- Biased Pronouns © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

22. 4-22 Clear Reference Do not use pronouns unless the person or thing referred to, the antecedent, is clear. Don told Andrew that he was eligible. (To whom does he refer?) In some restaurants they require coats and ties. (Instead of the vague pronoun they, use a noun such as the owners or management.) © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

23. 4-23 Number Agreement Pronouns must agree in number with the nouns they represent. One member of the girls’ team forgot her tennis shoes. (The singular pronoun her refers to the singular antecedent member.) Several candidates were given their tests at once. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

24. 4-24 Plural Pronoun If a pronoun refers to two nouns joined by and, the pronoun must be plural. The manager and the supervisor discussed their plans for improving work flow. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

25. 4-25 Antecedent Location Disregard phrases that come between a pronoun and the word to which it refers. Judy Foster, along with several staff members, took her vacation in August. One of the male employees had his merit review. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

26. 4-26 Gender Agreement Pronouns must agree in gender with their antecedents. Ms. Cortez gave her approval. (Feminine gender) Josh parked his truck. (Masculine gender) Our office has its own lunch room. (Neuter gender) © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

27. 4-27 Gender- Biased Pronouns When the gender of the antecedent is unknown, the use of common- gender, or masculine pronouns, was accepted in the past. Sensitive writers today should avoid common- gender pronouns, which can sound sexist. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

28. 4-28 Common Gender Every worker is trained for his job. Alternatives All workers are trained for their jobs. Every worker is trained for a job. Every worker is trained for his or her job. (Avoid using this wordy construction.) © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

29. 4-29 Unacceptable Every worker is trained for their job. Why is this unacceptable? Every worker is trained for their job. SingularPlural Number Agreement © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

30. 4-30 Special Pronoun- Antecedent Agreement Challenges © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

31. 4-31 Or-Nor Indefinite Pronouns Collective Nouns Company and Organization Names Each and Every © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

32. 4-32 Or-Nor When antecedents are joined by or or nor, a pronoun should agree with the antecedent closest to it. It was either Matt or Ken who offered his seat. Neither the supervisor nor the workers expected to see their salaries increased. Neither the workers nor the supervisor expected to see his (or her ) salary increased. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

33. Always SingularAlways Plural anybody anyone anything each either everyone everything neither nobody no one somebody someone both few many several 4-33 Indefinite Pronouns When they function as antecedents, some indefinite pronouns are always singular and others are always plural. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

34. 4-34 Everyone in the men’s chorus wore his robe. Somebody left his or her car lights on. A few of the employees in our company have their own private parking spaces. Indefinite Pronouns Examples © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

35. 4-35 Collective Nouns Words such as jury, faculty, committee, staff, union, team, flock, and group are considered singular when they function as a unit. Collective nouns can also be plural when the elements operate separately. The jury rendered its (not their ) verdict. The jury entered the courtroom individually and took their seats. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

36. 4-36 Company and Organization Names The names of companies and organizations are generally considered to be singular. Southwest Airlines is expanding its (not their ) routes. Milberg & Weiss changed its (not their ) name. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

37. 4-37 Each and Every When each or every precedes a compound subject joined by and, the subject is considered singular.* *This idiosyncratic usage is difficult to accept, but authorities agree on it. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

38. 4-38 Each and Every Once on the job every intern and new employee values his or her (not their ) computer training. [Think: Every single intern and every single new employee values his or her computer training.] Each player and coach on the men’s team is expected to bring his (not their ) own play book. [Think: Each single player and each single coach is expected to bring his own play book.] © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

39. Try Your Skill 1.(They, Meteorologists) predict it will rain tomorrow. 2.One member of the boys’ soccer team left (his, their) jacket on the bus. 3.Gordon Young, together with his employees, ate (his, their) lunch outdoors. 4-39 Select the correct pronoun or word to complete the following sentences. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

40. Try Your Skill 4.Every employee is free to speak(his, his or her, their) mind. 5.Either Max or his employees will have (his, their) requests denied. 6.Either his employees or Max will have (his, their) request denied. 4-40 Select the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

41. Try Your Skill 7.Someone still needs to cast (his, his or her, their) vote. 8.Next, the faculty turned (its, their) attention to salary issues. 9.Target plans to lower (its, their) prices. 4-41 Select the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

42. Try Your Skill 10.Every manager and sales rep is provided (his or her, their) own company car. 4-42 THINK: Every single manager and every single sales rep is provided his or her own company car. Select the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

43. Learning Objectives: Level 3 Understand the functions of who, whom, whoever, and whomever, and follow a five-step procedure in using these words correctly. Use the possessive pronoun whose and the contraction who’s correctly. 4-43 © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

44. Advanced Pronoun Uses: Who/Whom and Whoever/Whomever 4-44 PronounCaseUses Who Whoever Subjective Subjects and subject complements Whom Whomever Objective Objects of verbs and prepositions © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

45. Follow these steps to select who or whom : 1.Isolate the who/whom clause. 2.Invert the clause, if necessary, to restore normal subject-verb-object order. 3.Substitute he or him for who or whom.  If the sentence sounds correct with he, replace he with who.  If the sentence sounds correct with him, replace him with whom. 4-45 © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

46. Example: He is the one (who/whom) we want. 4-46 1. Isolate clause 2.Invert 3.Substitute 4.Equate 5.Complete (who/whom) we want we want (who/whom) we want him we want whom He is the one whom we want. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

47. Try Your Skill 1.He is the applicant (who/whom) applied last week. 2.An old friend (who/whom) we had not seen for years surprised us with a visit. 3.Did the visitor say (who/whom) she wanted to see? 4-47 Select the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

48. Mentally ignore parenthetical phrases like I believe, you think, we know, and we are sure. 4-48 Intervening Phrases © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

49. Example: Hire a clerk (who/whom) you think is good. 4-49 1. Isolate clause 2.Ignore phrase 3.Substitute 4.Equate 5.Complete (who/whom) you think is good (who/whom) is good he is good who is good Hire a clerk who you think is good. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

50. Clauses containing whoever/ whomever often function as subjects or objects in sentences. When the entire clause acts as a subject or object, determine how whoever/whomever functions within that clause. 4-50 Clauses © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

51. Example: Those supplies are for (whoever/whomever) ordered them. 4-51 1. Isolate clause 2. Substitute 3. Equate 4. Complete (whoever/whomever) ordered them he ordered them whoever ordered them Those supplies are for whoever ordered them. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

52. Advanced Pronoun Uses: Whose/Who’s 4-52 PronounFunctionApostrophe WhosePossessive pronoun No (neither does hers, his, or theirs ) Who’sContraction, meaning, “who is” or “who has” Yes © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

53. Examples Contrasting Whose/Who’s She said she knows whose car that is. Whose book is this? Who’s going to be the first volunteer? Guess who’s coming to dinner. 4-53© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

54. Try Your Skill 1.We will hire (whoever/ whomever) you may recommend. 2.Have you checked with (whoever/ whomever) placed this order? 4-54 Select the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

55. Try Your Skill 3.Brian is the employee about (who/whom) I believe you asked. 4.We wonder (who/whom) the new manager will be. (Tricky!) 4-55 Select the correct pronoun to complete the following sentences. Subject complement © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

56. Try Your Skill 5.(Whose/Who’s) going to be the one to tell her? 6.In (whose/who’s) memory are you making the donation? 4-56 Select the correct word to complete the following sentences. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer

57. “What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.” --Samuel Johnson English Poet, Critic, and Writer (1709-1784) 4-57© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer