3. Indo-European Migrations: 4m-2m BCE The Middle East: “The Crossroads of Three Continents”

4. The Ancient Fertile Crescent Area The Middle East: “The Cradle of Civilization”

5. Sumerians

6. Sumerian Religion - Polytheistic Enki Innana Appeasement of the gods

7. Ziggurat at Ur  Monumental Architecture = a hallmark of “civilization”

8. Mesopotamian Trade “The Cuneiform World”

9. Technology Cuneiform: “Wedge-Shaped” Writing

10. Cuneiform Writing

11. Sumerian Cylinder Seals

12. Gilgamesh: The First Literature

13. The Royal Standard of Ur Circa 2600 BCE The Royal Standard of Ur Circa 2600 BCE

14. Mesopotamian Harp

15. Board Game From Ur

16. Sophisticated Metallurgy Skills at Ur

17. Sargon of Akkad: “ The World’s First Empire” [Akkadians]

18. The Babylonian Empires

19. Hammurabi’s [r. 1792-1750 B. C. E.] Code

20. Hammurabi, the Judge

21. Important Facts Difficult geography for farming – unpredictable rivers Open geography led to invasions Open geography led to trade and exchange of ideas FIRSTS: agriculture, Writing, wheel, cities, base- 60 counting, literature Important Facts Difficult geography for farming – unpredictable rivers Open geography led to invasions Open geography led to trade and exchange of ideas FIRSTS: agriculture, Writing, wheel, cities, base- 60 counting, literature

23. A View of Egypt by Satellite

24. The Fertile Nile Valley

25. The Annual Flooding of the Nile

26. Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

27. Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

28. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

29. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

30. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

31. Egyptian Priestly Class

32. Egyptian Scribe

33. Papyrus  Paper Papyrus Plant Hieratic Scroll Piece

34. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

35. Materials Used in Mummification 1. Linen 6. Natron 2. Sawdust 7. Onion 3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud 4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads 5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

36. Preparation for the Afterlife

37. Egyptian Mummies Seti I 1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E. Ramses II 1279-1212 B. C. E.

38. Egyptian Book of the Dead

39. The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

40. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

41. Giza Pyramid Complex

42. Important Facts Calm environment and protected geography = better view of afterlife and godsCalm environment and protected geography = better view of afterlife and gods Also allows Egypt to unify under 1 governmentAlso allows Egypt to unify under 1 government Trade and exchange occurred south to Nubia and East to MesopotamiaTrade and exchange occurred south to Nubia and East to Mesopotamia