1. 1 Absolute Orientation Determination using Horn Approach

2. 2 Hidden Tiger Team Members John, Zhang Feng Lu Li Liu Ali Ahmad

3. 3 Design Issues:  The “Software for Absolute Orientation Determination using the Horn Approach” project is a highly technical implementation of rigorous mathematics calculations, these functions include:  Centroid Finder  Input Transformation with respect to centroids  Eigen values and Eigen vectors  Output manipulator

4. 4 Detailed Design Information:  The horn approach aims to find the unit quaternion that represents the best rotation between 2 coordinate systems, this is achieved by applying a closed form mathematical model on a set of point measured in the 2 coordinate systems. This can be illustrated in the figure below.

5. 5 Detailed Design Information:  the figure, input and output refers to the user end, the user in our case, can be either a human or another piece of code.  In the input section, the user inputs a set of N points (i.e. triples of x,y,z) measured in both the left and right hand coordinate systems. The points will be inputted as a set of floats, and based on the client request, they will be represented as a continues stream of values. That is x1,y1,z1, x2,y2,z2, and so on for both coordinate systems.  The output represents the result returned to the user, i.e. the unit quaternion, which is a set of four floats, whose sum of squares is equal to one.

6. 6 Horn Approach for finding rotation Input:  n-points (triples) in both the left and right coordinate systems (r l, r r ) Procedure:  1. Get the centroids for both sets of points, same applies to right 2. Transform the points as measurements with respect to centroids,, same applies to right  Result: A set of n-points (triples) in each coordinate system measured with respect to their respective centroids.

7. 7 Horn Approach for finding rotation 3. Define the matrix N: where, in this formula, prime denotes transformed coordinates. 4. Find and sort the Eigen values of N det (N - I) = 0, and solve for. m is the maximum positive Eigen value. 5. The quaternion that represents the best rotation is the Eigen vector that corresponds to the largest positive Eigen Value. And is obtained by solving the homogeneous equation: [ N - m I ]. e m = 0

8. 8 DESIGN DETAIL I. Input manipulator: Puts the user input in an accessible format, most likely 2 dimensional arrays of point vectors. The user input is received as a set of floats, and the input manipulator parses through this set of floats and puts them into 2 matrices, one for each coordinate system. Example: lets assume the following user input: {1,2,3,2,2,3,2,2,4, 2,3,4,2,5,4,2,4,4}. This set of 3 points can be represented in the following 2 matrices, in this format, the points are the columns, and the ; represent row separators. L=[1,2,3;2,2,3;2,2,4] R=[2,3,4;2,5,4;2,4,4]

9. 9 DESIGN DETAIL II. Centroid Finder: Finds the centroids for the left and the right data sets. The centroid can be defined simply as the vector that represents mathematical average of the coordinates of a set of points. For our example the centroids are: LC = [2.0000, 2.3333, 2.6667]’ RC = [3.0000, 3.6667, 3.3333] ‘

10. 10 DESIGN DETAIL III. Transformer: Transforms the points with respect to centroids. This is achieved by simply by taking the difference between various point vectors and centroids, a way for doing so utilizing matrices is for i=1:3 for j=1:N LL(i,j)=L(i,j)-LC(i); RR(i,j)=R(i,j)-LC(i); end The results in our example are: LL = RR= -1.0000 0 1.0000 0 1.0000 2.0000 -0.3333 -0.3333 0.6667 -0.3333 2.6667 1.6667 -0.6667 -0.6667 1.3333 -0.6667 1.3333 1.3333

11. 11 DESIGN DETAIL IV. Sum Function: Calculates the various sums, The matrix is a matrix of dot products of transformed elements in the 2 coordinate systems, where i, j refer to the right and the left coordinate systems respectively. In our example, the matrix M will be: M = 2.0000 2.0000 2.0000 1.0000 0.3333 0.6667 2.0000 0.6667 1.3333 for i=1:3 for j=1:3 S=0; for k=1:N S=S+LL(i,k)*RR(j,k); end M(i,j)=S; end

12. 12 DESIGN DETAIL V. MtoN Converter: Calculates the matrix N from the various matrix M elements. Utilizes the various M elements (sums), that will come up with the 4 by 4 matrix that will be used to determine the rotation. In our example: N = 3.6667 -0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 -0.0000 0.3333 3.0000 4.0000 0.0000 3.0000 -3.0000 1.3333 1.0000 4.0000 1.3333 -1.0000

13. 13 DESIGN DETAIL VI. EigenValue solver: Finds the Eigen values of the matrix N. This code is currently being researched for reuse purposes, there are various implementations, but, we need to find accurate and fast one. VII. EigenValue sorter: Sorts the Eigen values of the matrix N A typical sort function that sorts the Eigen values for our matrix N, as required by the algorithm “the largest positive Eigen value ” VIII. EigenVector Finder: Finds the Eigen vector that corresponds to the largest positive Eigen value, this is the required quaternion. Mathematical implementation, related to VI, as most implementations usually calculate both Eigen values and Eigen vectors hand in hand.

14. 14 DESIGN DETAIL IX. OutputFunction: Returns the Eigen Vector (the Unit Quaternion) as a set of floats the quaternion of best rotation, the result in our example is: RotationUnitQuaternion = 0.3640 0.6654 0.3343 0.5595 X. Validation and Exception handling: User Input Validation: The number of inputted floats is matching to construct 2 sets of points for the number of points given. Guarding against incorrect user input. Eigen value checker: upon sorting the Eigen values, is the largest positive? Accuracy of implementation vs. MATLAB results.

15. 15 Thank you! Questions ???