1. Conflict, Security, & Cooperation

2. About C, S, & C Types of Force ◦ Conventional ◦ Unconventional Approaches to State Security ◦ The cooperation continuum

3. ABOUT CONFLICT, COOPERATION, & SECURITY

4. 4 Main Conflict Changes over Time 1. Increase in arms transfers ◦ Cold War and post-Cold War http://www.oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/?attachment_id=11544

5. 4 Main Conflict Changes over Time 2. Increase in severity ◦ Technology http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/12/92_nations_sign_treaty_to_ban.html

6. 4 Main Conflict Changes over Time 3. Increase in frequency ◦ Decolonization ◦ Civil unrest  map

7. http://bpm-americas.blogspot.com/2010/03/summary-para-states-quasi-states-and.html

8. 4 Main Conflict Changes over Time 4. Change in focus of security ◦ Guns and bombs ◦ Human security  GN v. GS Guatemalan Convenience Store Guard UNDOC.org

9. Consequences of Conflict Creates hostilities Interferes with trade Forestalls development Spill-over effect Emigration http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19473478

10. TYPES OF FORCE

11. Conventional Force Conventional Legitimate control of force Disputes between states Disputes within states

12. Unconventional Force: States Special operations  Overt v. Covert State-sponsored terrorism  Sudan, Afghanistan, Somalia  al-Qaeda  Rwanda  M23 Congo rebels- mapmap http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18612612

13. Rwanda- backed

14. Unconventional Force: Non-States Non-states ◦ Terrorist acts ◦ Cyber attacks ◦ Piracy

15. Unconventional: Non-State Terrorism What is it? Targets ◦ Domestic, int’l Objectives ◦ Attention ◦ Challenge gov’t  Coup d’état  Assassinations, guerrilla warfare  Peru’s Shining Path ◦ Independence  Basques: Eta

16. Terrorist Acts: Domestic Why might domestic opposition be considered terrorism? Kurdish Worker’s PartyKurdish Worker’s Party (PKK) in Turkey  Lack political representation  Freedom fighters v. terrorists

17. Terrorist Acts: International Not new phenomenon Organize, attack across borders ◦ Al Qaeda, Taliban Cold War v. post-Cold War ◦ Colonization ◦ Target US, western culture http://warnewsupdates.blogspot.com/2012/05/us-involvement-in- yemens-war-against-al.html

18. Piracy Recently revived Int’l waters More common near ‘troubled’ states ◦ Somalia ◦ Nigeria http://www.economist.com/node/18061574

19. Cyber-Attacks Target infrastructure ◦ Defense systems ◦ Communication systems ◦ Energy providers ◦ Economic services Shamoon virus targeted Aramco -Replaced systems files with image -Garbage data -30,000 machines infected/ destroyed http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19922421

20. THE COOPERATION CONTINUUM

21. Individual States Some cooperation More cooperation Full cooperation The Cooperation Continuum Unilateral Self-Defense Limited Self- Defense Int’l Security Forces Abolition of War

22. Unilateral Self-Defense Traditional approach Self-reliance Few rely exclusively on this: N. Korea, exception

23. Limited Self Defense Bilateral or multilateral Arms limitation pacts Conventional ◦ Antipersonnel Mine Treaty ◦ UN Arms Limitation Treaty UN Arms Limitation Treaty Nuclear ◦ Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) Chemical ◦ Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) Biological ◦ Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) http://www.rainbowfund.org/landmines/

24. International Security Forces Collective security More cooperation IGOs ◦ Regional ◦ Int’l

25. International Security Forces: Regional ◦ NATO  Afghanistan ◦ ECOWAS ECOWAS  Mali ◦ Why intervene?  Interests

26. International Security Forces: IGOs INTERPOL UN ◦ Peacekeeping  Neutral ◦ Peacemaking  Armed troops  Civilians  Elections, negotiations, food ◦ Peacebuilding  Rebuilding  Monitoring I800 C monitors http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18379696

27. Abolition of War Abolition of War Pacifism ◦ Moral issue ◦ Bottom-up  Gandhi Gandhi Total disarmament ◦ Cooperation http://www.kentlaw.edu/perritt/courses/seminar/2005-spring-papers/zahorsky- Seminar%20Paper%20on%20Global%20Arms%20Trade.htm

28. Conflict, Security, & Cooperation About: Changes Conventional & unconventional force Cooperation