1. Unit ONE Sedentarization

2. Correctly complete the following questions to obtain an 8/10  Page 6 # 3 & 4  Page 11 # 1-4  Page 12 # 5 & 7  Page 13 # 12  Page 15 # 1  Page 16 # 2, 3, 4 & 5  Page 19 # 2  Page 20 # 3  Page 21 # 7 & 9

3. Fertile Crescent:  Sedentary people first began building permanent villages around 8 000 BC.  These lands were fertile*.  *This meant the soil was good to grow crops. Q3

4.  Agriculture (farming) was born!  Humans had developed the techniques to cultivate plants.  Cultivate means to prepare and work on (land) in order to raise crops.

5.  They constantly searched for food. This made them predators!  They were forced to follow the migration (movement) of animals.  They could not build permanent shelter (houses). This made them nomads!  They relocated once all the food in the area was eaten. Q2

6. TThey lived in small groups (10-30 people). SSurvival depended on successful hunting (men) and gathering (women). Q1

7. Nomads followed migration of animals

9.  Humans invented tools so that they could work the land.  Such tools included: hoe, sickle, grinder and rubbing stone. Neolithic tools:

10. How Were Neolithic Villages Organized? Land Development:  Farmers settled near fields to grow crops.  Villages were protected by high walls.  Villages held 150-200 people.  Ex: Village of Catal Huyuk around 6,000 BC.

11. ① The village of Catal Huyuk is located in Turkey. ② One of the world’s oldest villages ③ Approx. 7000 people ④ Square or rectangular houses

12. A1A2

13. ⑤ Attached houses ⑥ No streets ⑦ Painted frescos (drawings) decorated interior walls ⑧ Used ladders ⑨ Houses were made from sun- dried bricks ⑩ Livestock kept near homes in an enclosed area (courtyard). Q4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTpAURQXCKg

14.  Neolithic people produced many sculptures of plump women (i.e. Mother Goddess).  Women were valued because they bore children (got pregnant).

15.  Villagers started claiming and owning land because fertile land became valuable.

16.  It is a job that is carried out by someone who can do something well; technique, ability.  Skills are perfected by lots of practice or usually learned in school.

17.  Crops and livestock (farm animals) ensured (guaranteed) food on the table.  Families grew in numbers because food was always available.

18. Men and women performed different tasks. The types of jobs given to people were based on their talents and abilities. Ex: Mining, basketry, pottery, weaving and metallurgy.

19.  It led to new social groups; such as soldiers, miners, and artisans.  Artisans (craftsmen) also known as trades-people. Why?  Once they made it, they could trade it!  They made bricks, containers, baskets, tools and fabrics.

20.  It was common to trade vegetables for tools!  Food surpluses (extra food) led to trade within the village itself and between different regions.

21. Merchants travelled hundreds of km to trade with other regions. Bartered (trade) objects for other objects.

22. Political power: We needed to be well-organized and have strong leadership to clear land, irrigate fields, harvest crops, etc. Neolithic villages were politically organized.

23. Two types of village models A single leader, advised by his close family He controlled the village; coordinated all work

24. 2 nd Model: Village Council: The heads of each family (men), held meetings to make important decisions on behalf of the village.

25. Emergence of Social Hierarchy:  Some jobs required special skills.  Skilled jobs were highly valued because they knew how to perform a specific service or task well.  Skilled workers had more power than peasants. Q5 Q6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ki8S5I83Ccc&list=PLBtfqr5qURrXApSba1s20- YWEoaucM6F_&index=2