1. Valvular Heart Disease

2. Valves Mitral valve Aortic valve Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve

3. Valve Defects Mitral valve STENOSISREGURGITATION Aortic valve Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve

4. Rheumatic Heart Disease Inflammatory process that may affect the myocardium, pericardium and or endocardium 2ry to infection with group A streptococci. Occurs in 5-15yr age group Usually results in distortion and scarring of the valves. Most commonly affected valve is mitral valve followed by aortic valve.

5. Pathology Abs produced against streptococci cross react with cardiac myosin, sarcolemmal membrane protein. Inflammation occurs in joints and skin in addition to heart.

6. Rheumatic Heart Disease Clinical features Major manifestations  Carditis  Polyarthritis  Chorea  Erythema marginatum  Subcutaneous nodules Minor manifestations  Fever  Arthralgia  Past Hx of RF  Raised ESR/ CRP  Leucocytosis  1 st degree AV block

7. Rheumatic Heart Disease Diagnosis is done according to Jones criteria. 2 or more major manifestations 1 major + 2 or more minor manifestations

8. Rheumatic Heart Disease Treatment Penicillin Bed rest Aspirin Corticosteroid Secondary prevention with monthly benzathine penicillin injections.

9. Mitral Stenosis Usually results from rheumatic carditis Is a thickening by fibrosis or calcification Can be caused by tumors, calcium and thrombus Valve leaflets fuse and become stiff and the cordae tendineae contract These narrows the opening and prevents normal blood flow from the LA to the LV LA pressure increases, left atrium dilates, PAP increases, and the RV hypertrophies Pulmonary congestion and right sided heart failure occurs Followed by decreased preload and CO decreases

10. Mitral Stenosis, cont. Mild – asymptomatic With progression – dyspnea, orthopneas, dry cough, hemoptysis, and pulmonary edema may appear as hypertension and congestion progresses Right sided heart failure symptoms occur later S/S –Pulse may be normal to A-Fib –Apical diastolic murmur is heard

11. Mitral Regurgitation Primarily caused by rheumatic heart disease, but may be caused by papillary muscle rupture form congenital, infective endocarditis or ischemic heart disease Abnormality prevents the valve from closing Blood flows back into the right atrium during systole During diastole the regurg output flows into the LV with the normal blood flow and increases the volume into the LV Progression is slowly – fatigue, chronic weakness, dyspnea, anxiety, palpitations May have A-fib and changes of LV failure May develop right sided failure as well

12. Mitral Valve Prolapse Cause is variable and may be associated with congenital defects More common in women Valvular leaflets enlarge and prolapse into the LA during systole Most are asymptomatic Some may report chest pain, palpitations or exercise intolerance May have dizziness, syncope and palpitations associated with dysrhythmias May have audible click and murmur

13. Aortic Stenosis Valve becomes stiff and fibrotic, impeding blood flow with LV contraction Results in LV hypertrophy, increased O2 demands, and pulmonary congestion Causes – rheumatic fever, congenital, arthrosclerosis Atherosclerosis and calcification is primary cause in the elderly Complications – right sided heart failure, pulmonary edema, and A-fib S/S – Early : dyspnea, angina, syncope Late : marked fatigue, debilitation, and peripheral cyanosis, crescendo- decrescendo murmur is heard

15. Aortic Regurgitation Aortic valve leaflets do not close properly during diastole The valve ring that attaches to the leaflets may be dilated, loose, or deformed The ventricle dilates to accommodate the ^ blood volume and hypertrophies Causes: infective endocarditis, congenital, hypertension, Marfan’s May remain asymptomatic for years Develop dyspnea, orthopnea, palpitations,,and angina May have ^ systolic pressure with bounding pulse Have a high pitch, blowing, decrescendo diastolic murmur

16. Assessment for Valve Dysfunction Subjective symptoms –Fatigue –Weakness –General malaise –Dyspnea on exertion –Dizziness –Chest pain or discomfort –Weight gain –Prior history of rheumatic heart disease

17. Assessment, cont. Objective symptoms –Orthopnea –Dyspnea, rales –Pink-tinged sputum –Murmurs –Palpitations –Cyanosis, delayed capillary refill –Edema –Dysrhythmias –Restlessness

18. Diagnosis History and physical findings ECG Chest x-ray Cardiac catheterization Echocardiogram

19. Medial Treatment Nonsurgical management focuses on drug therapy and rest Diuretic, beta blockers, digoxin, O2, vasodilators, prophylactic antibiotic therapy Manage A-fib, if develops, with conversion if possible, and use of anticoagulation

20. Interventions Assess vitals, heart sounds, breath sounds O2 as prescribed Emotional support Give medications I/O Weight Check for edema Explain disease process, provide for home care with O2, medications

21. Surgical Management of Valve Disease Mitral Valve –Commissurotomy –Mitral Valve Replacement –Balloon Valvuloplasty Aortic Valve Replacement

22. Mechanical Valve

24. Porcine Valve

25. Tissue Valve