1. November 16, 2004 Lexicon (An Interacting Subsystem in UG) Part-II Rajat Kumar Mohanty Email: rkm@cse.iitb.ac.in rkm@cse.iitb.ac.in IIT Bombay

2. November 16, 2004 Levels of Representation in UG Lexicon Move -alpha D-Structure S-Structure LF (logical form) PF (phonetic form)

3. November 16, 2004 Lexicon Overgeneration Overgeneration Subcategorization Restriction Subcategorization Restriction Selectional Restriction Selectional Restriction Lexicon and Syntax Lexicon and Syntax Lexical Derivation Lexical Derivation

4. November 16, 2004 Overgeneration Ungrammaticality Ungrammaticality The boy relied on the girl. The boy relied on the girl. * The boy relied the girl. * The boy relied the girl. *The boy relied. *The boy relied. Grammatically Sound but Semantically Odd Grammatically Sound but Semantically Odd *The boy frightens sincerity. *The boy frightens sincerity. *Sincerity kicked the boy. *Sincerity kicked the boy.

5. November 16, 2004 Overgeneration PS Rules for the given sentences PS Rules for the given sentences S  NP VP VP  V (NP) (PP) NP  Det N V  rely Det  the N  boy, girl

6. November 16, 2004 Subcategorization Frames Specify the categorial class of the lexical item Specify the categorial class of the lexical item Specify the environment Specify the environment Examples Examples kick: [V; _ NP] kick: [V; _ NP] cry: [V; _ ] cry: [V; _ ] rely: [V; _PP] rely: [V; _PP] put: [V; _ NP PP] put: [V; _ NP PP] think: : [V; _ S` ] think: : [V; _ S` ]

7. November 16, 2004 Subcategorization Rules Make a specific lexical item sensitive to the subcategorization properties of the lexical item Make a specific lexical item sensitive to the subcategorization properties of the lexical item Select a frame depending upon the subcategorization properties of the verb Select a frame depending upon the subcategorization properties of the verb V y / { _NP] _ ] _PP] _NP PP] _S`] Subcategorization Rule: }

8. November 16, 2004 Subcategorization Rules The boy relied on the girl. The boy relied on the girl. 1. S  NP VP 2. VP  V (NP) (PP) (S`)… 3. NP  Det N 4. V  rely / _PP] 5. P  on / _NP] 6. Det  the 7. N  boy, girl

9. November 16, 2004 Selectional Restrictions Selectional Rules Selectional Rules A selectional rule specifies certain selectional restrictions associated with a verb (presumably other categories: N, A, P). A selectional rule specifies certain selectional restrictions associated with a verb (presumably other categories: N, A, P). V y / {} [+/-ABSTARCT] [+/-ANIMATE] V frighten / [+/-ABSTARCT] [+ANIMATE] {} __

10. November 16, 2004 Lexical Insertion Rule (LIR) Insert lexical item X under terminal node Y, where Y corresponds to the categorial properties of X, and YP corresponds to the subcategorization properties of X. Insert lexical item X under terminal node Y, where Y corresponds to the categorial properties of X, and YP corresponds to the subcategorization properties of X. YP (verb phrase) NP Y| X (verb: compose) X (verb: compose)

11. November 16, 2004 LIR Conditions LIR performs the operation of inserting lexical items under terminal nodes subject to two conditions: LIR performs the operation of inserting lexical items under terminal nodes subject to two conditions: The terminal node must match the categorial class of the lexical item. The terminal node must match the categorial class of the lexical item. The phrase containing the terminal node must match the subcategorization properties of the lexical item. The phrase containing the terminal node must match the subcategorization properties of the lexical item.

12. November 16, 2004 LIR Conditions rely: [V; __PP] rely: [V; __PP] believe: [V; __S`] believe: [V; __S`] hit: [V; __NP] hit: [V; __NP] VP 1 VPP VP 2 VS` rely *believe *rely believe VP 3 VNP *rely *believe hit

13. November 16, 2004 Lexical Derivation Whether derivationally related categories such as translate and translation have separate lexical entries? Whether derivationally related categories such as translate and translation have separate lexical entries? Option Option There is one lexical entry for the base form and the complex N is derived from it by a productive rule. There is one lexical entry for the base form and the complex N is derived from it by a productive rule.

14. November 16, 2004 Lexical Derivation Consider the following examples Consider the following examples Translate + ion  translation Translate + ion  translation Select + ive  selective Select + ive  selective Computer + ize  computerize Computer + ize  computerize Elevate + or  elevator Elevate + or  elevator Correct + ness  correctness Correct + ness  correctness Correct + ly  correctly Correct + ly  correctly

15. November 16, 2004 Lexical Derivation Lexical derivation affects Lexical derivation affects Categorial properties of the lexical item Categorial properties of the lexical item Subcategorization properties of the lexical item Subcategorization properties of the lexical item Examples Examples John translated the book. John translated the book. Translate: [V; __NP] Translate: [V; __NP] The translation of the book The translation of the book Translation: [N; __(PP)] Translation: [N; __(PP)]

16. November 16, 2004 Lexical Derivation Lexical derivation rules must apply at a stage prior to LIR. Lexical derivation rules must apply at a stage prior to LIR. The stage at which lexical derivation rules apply is the lexicon (not merely a list of lexical entries). The stage at which lexical derivation rules apply is the lexicon (not merely a list of lexical entries). Syntactic component does not include lexical derivation that affect the categorial and subcategorization properties of lexical items. Syntactic component does not include lexical derivation that affect the categorial and subcategorization properties of lexical items.

17. November 16, 2004 Lexical Derivation Affixes are part of the lexicon with categorial and subcategorization information. Affixes are part of the lexicon with categorial and subcategorization information. -ion: [N; V_] -ize: [V; N_] -hood: [N; {} [N] [A] __ ]

18. November 16, 2004 Lexical Derivation N V create-ion N A V select-ive A N V -ion N V N computer-ize V select

19. November 16, 2004 Righthand Head Rule Righthand Head Rule (RHR) for English complex categories Righthand Head Rule (RHR) for English complex categories The head of a complex word is its right most morpheme. The head of a complex word is its right most morpheme. N V -ion N select A A -al

20. November 16, 2004 Types of Subcategorization Subcategorization by affixes targets lexical categories (viz., V, N, A, etc.) to create a complex terminal category. Subcategorization by affixes targets lexical categories (viz., V, N, A, etc.) to create a complex terminal category. Subcategorization by lexical categories targets phrasal categories (viz., VP, NP, AP, etc.) to create a syntactic phrase. Subcategorization by lexical categories targets phrasal categories (viz., VP, NP, AP, etc.) to create a syntactic phrase.

21. November 16, 2004 Types of Subcategorization Subcategorization Subcategorization Morphological Morphological (relevant to the rules which form complex terminal categories in the lexicon) Syntactic Syntactic (relevant to the rules of Syntax)

22. November 16, 2004 Types of Affixes Derivational (under rules of Morphology) Derivational (under rules of Morphology) Inflectional (under rules of Syntax) Inflectional (under rules of Syntax) N[pl] N computer V N -ize V V[past] V computerize -ed [past]-s [pl]

23. November 16, 2004 Exercises 1. Workout the subcategorization frame of each of the lexical items: aspire, declare, conduct, aware, transport, arrange, deliver, silent 2. Write the selectional rules for the following verbs: cry, rely, put, think, abandon, aspire

24. November 16, 2004 Exercises 3. Consider the following examples John believes that Mary left early. John believes that Mary left early. *John believes if Mary left early. *John believes if Mary left early. *John wonders that Mary left early. *John wonders that Mary left early. John wonders if Mary left early. John wonders if Mary left early.

25. November 16, 2004 Exercises 4. Suggest a formal way of encoding the property of the verbs believe and wonder. Tips: Tips: Workout the subcategorization frame Workout the subcategorization frame Write the subcategorization rules Write the subcategorization rules Assign selectional restrictions Assign selectional restrictions

26. November 16, 2004 Exercises 5. Say if the following examples are ungrammatical violating the subcategorization requirements of the lexical items. This problem, I can solve. This problem, I can solve. I can solve. I can solve. I can solve this problem. I can solve this problem. He comes from London. He comes from London. He comes from. He comes from. We need someone to generate on new ideas. We need someone to generate on new ideas.

27. November 16, 2004 Exercises 6. Assign a tree structure to each of the complex categories listed below. Musical Musical Establishment Establishment Modernization Modernization Interpretations Interpretations Colonized Colonized Unhappiness Unhappiness Stupidity Stupidity Formal Formal Fixable Fixable organic organic

28. November 16, 2004 Exercises 7. Assign a tree structure to each of the compounds listed below. Crybaby Crybaby Bankroll Bankroll Overestimate Overestimate Dryclean Dryclean Drycleaner Drycleaner Bluebottle Bluebottle

29. November 16, 2004 Exercises 8. State the categorial and subcategorization properties of each of the suffixes listed below. -er -er -ize -ize -or -or -ly -ly -al -al -ness -ness -ity -ity

30. November 16, 2004 Exercises 9. Find out the simple lexical items and the complex terminal categories from the given list. Formality Formality officially officially Table Table Tree Tree Specified Specified Single Single Useful Useful exactly exactly

31. November 16, 2004 Exercises 10. Look at the tree and state the categorial and subcategorization properties of the affixes. N NV de-V-tion VA N nation-al A-ize

32. November 16, 2004 Sources and further reading Comsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. CUP, Cambridge. Comsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. CUP, Cambridge. Comsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris, Dordrecht. Comsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Foris, Dordrecht. Ouhalla, Jamal. 1994. Introducing Transformational grammar. Arnold, London. Ouhalla, Jamal. 1994. Introducing Transformational grammar. Arnold, London.

33. November 16, 2004 THANK YOU