1. Honors Biology Ch. 8 Cellular Energy

2. CELL Nucleus Cytoplasm Outer membrane and cell surface I.How Organisms Obtain Energy - Cells are miniature factories where thousands of reactions using energy occur constantly.

3. A.Transformation of Energy 1.First Law of Thermodynamics: -Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be transformed and transferred. Chemical energy

4. 2.Second Law of Thermodynamics: - When energy is transformed, some energy is lost as heat. Heat CO 2 H2OH2O +

5. 3.All Organisms Use Energy a.Autotrophs - organisms that make their own food - photosynthesis - producers

6. b.Heterotrophs - organisms that obtain energy from other organisms - consumers

7. B.Metabolism - all the chemical reactions in a cell 1.Catabolic Pathways: - break down large molecules into smaller molecules releasing energy -cellular respiration 2.Anabolic Pathways: - build up larger molecules from small molecules using energy -photosynthesis

8. P Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) H2OH2O + Energy Inorganic phosphate Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) PP PPP i C.ATP - adenosine triphosphate - energy transfer molecule - provides energy for cellular functions

9. Light Energy ECOSYSTEM CO 2 + H 2 O Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O 2 ATP powers most cellular work Heat Energy Energy Flow and Chemical Recycling in Ecosystems

10. II.Photosynthesis - light energy is converted to chemical energy A.Chloroplasts - organelle of photosynthesis

11. B.Photosynthetic Pigments - Pigments are substances that absorb light energy Gamma rays X-raysUVInfrared Micro- waves Radio waves 10 –5 nm 10 –3 nm 1 nm 10 3 nm 10 6 nm 1 m 10 6 nm 10 3 m 380450500550600650700750 nm Visible light Shorter wavelength Higher energy Longer wavelength Lower energy

12. - chlorophyll absorbs violet-blue and red light -Chlorophyll a is the primary photosynthetic pigment. Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments 400500 600 700 Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids Wavelength of light (nm)

13. -Chlorophyll b and carotenoids are accessory pigments. Phycoerythrin is found in red algae Phycocyanin is found in blue-green algae Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and β - Carotene are found in plants.

14. Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a XanthophyllXanthophyll β - Carotene Photosynthetic Pigments Found in Spinach leaves

15. Molecular Structure of Cellulose

16. C.Light Reactions - Light energy is used to produce ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle. O2O2 CO 2 H2OH2O Light Light reactions Calvin cycle NADP + ADP ATP NADPH + P 1 RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate Amino acids Fatty acids Starch (storage) Glucose G3P Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I Chloroplast

17. STROMA (Low H + concentration) Photosystem II Cytochrome complex H2OH2O O2O2 1⁄21⁄2 Photosystem I Light THYLAKOID SPACE (High H + concentration) STROMA (Low H + concentration) Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Pq Pc Fd NADP + reductase NADPH + H + NADP + + 2H + To Calvin cycle ADP P ATP H+H+ 2 H + +2 H + 2 H + - Light energy is used to produce ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle. C.Light Reactions

18. P700 + Photosystem II ee Primary acceptor 2 H + 1⁄21⁄2 H2OH2O ee ee Energy of electrons Pq Cytochrome complex Pc ATP Electron transport chain Primary acceptor ee Photosystem I Light Fd Electron Transport chain NADP + reductase NADPH NADP + + 2 H + + H + P680 O2O2 ee ee 1.Light absorbed by Photosystem II - Water molecules are split, oxygen released. - Electron becomes ‘excited’ and enters electron transport chain.

19. 2.The Electron Transport Chain -Energy from electrons ‘pumps’ H + into thylakoid space as it passes along the electron transport chain. P700 + Photosystem II ee Primary acceptor 2 H + 1⁄21⁄2 H2OH2O ee ee Energy of electrons Pq Cytochrome complex Pc ATP Electron transport chain Primary acceptor ee Photosystem I Light Fd Electron Transport chain NADP + reductase NADPH NADP + + 2 H + + H + P680 O2O2 ee ee

20. 3.More Light Absorbed by Photosystem I - Electron becomes ‘re-excited’. - NADPH (an electron carrier and energy transport molecule) is formed. P700 + Photosystem II ee Primary acceptor 2 H + 1⁄21⁄2 H2OH2O ee ee Energy of electrons Pq Cytochrome complex Pc ATP Electron transport chain Primary acceptor ee Photosystem I Light Fd Electron Transport chain NADP + reductase NADPH NADP + + 2 H + + H + P680 O2O2 ee ee

21. STROMA (Low H + concentration) Photosystem II Cytochrome complex H2OH2O O2O2 1⁄21⁄2 Photosystem I Light THYLAKOID SPACE (High H + concentration) STROMA (Low H + concentration) Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase Pq Pc Fd NADP + reductase NADPH + H + NADP + + 2H + To Calvin cycle ADP P ATP H+H+ 2 H + +2 H + 2 H + 4.Chemiosmosis -Hydrogen ions (protons) move down their concentration gradient out of the thylakoid space.

22. 5.ATP Synthase -ATP synthesized by ATP synthase as hydrogen ions pass out of the thylakoid space. STROMA THYLAKOID SPACE H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ P i + ADP ATP A rotor within the membrane spins clockwise when H + flows past it down the H + gradient. A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary. A rod (or “stalk”) extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob. Three catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic Phosphate to ADP to make ATP.

23. D.Calvin Cycle - Glucose produced with energy from ATP and NADPH from the light reactions.

24. 1.Carbon Fixation -6 CO 2 are joined to 6 5-C molecules of RuBP to form 12 3-C molecules of PGA.

25. The Calvin Cycle Light H2OH2O CO 2 LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH NADP + [CH 2 O] (sugar) CALVIN CYCLE ADP (Entering one at a time) CO 2 3 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco Short-lived intermediate 3 P P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) P 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 ATP 6 ADP Input CALVIN CYCLE O2O2 6

26. 2.G3P Produced -Energy from 12 ATP and 12 NADPH is used to produce 12 G3P (glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate) molecules. -2 G3P molecules are used to make glucose.

27. (Entering one at a time) CO 2 3 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco Short-lived intermediate 3 PP P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) P 3-Phosphoglycerate P6 P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADP + 6 P i P 6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Phase 2: Reduction 6 ATP CALVIN CYCLE P 1 G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds 6 ADP Input Light H2OH2O CO 2 LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADP + [CH 2 O] (sugar) CALVIN CYCLE NADPH ADP O2O2 6 The Calvin Cycle

28. 3.Calvin Cycle Completed -6 RuBP molecules produced from 10 G3P molecules to complete the Calvin Cycle.

29. (Entering one at a time) CO 2 3 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco Short-lived intermediate 3 P P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) P 3-Phosphoglycerate P 6 P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADP + 6 P i P 6 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) Phase 2: Reduction 6 ATP 3 ATP 3 ADP CALVIN CYCLE P 5 Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO 2 acceptor (RuBP) P 1 G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds G3P 6 ADP Light H2OH2O CO 2 LIGHT REACTIONS NADPH NADP + [CH 2 O] (sugar) CALVIN CYCLE Input ATP ADP O2O2 6 The Calvin Cycle

30. Alternative Photosynthesis Pathways: C 4 and CAM Organic acids release CO 2 to Calvin cycle Spatial separation of steps. In C 4 plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in different types of cells. Temporal separation of steps. In CAM plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle occur in the same cells at different times. Pineapple Sugarcane Bundle- sheath cell Mesophyll Cell Organic acid CALVIN CYCLE Sugar CO 2 Organic acid CALVIN CYCLE Sugar C4C4 CAM CO 2 incorporated into four-carbon organic acids (carbon fixation) Night Day 1 2 Organic acids release CO 2 to Calvin cycle CO 2 C 4 Photosynthesis CAM Photosynthesis

31. III.Cellular Respiration - Organic molecules (glucose) are broken down to release energy in the form of ATP to do cellular work. Intermembrane Space ATP Synthase Inner Membrane Outer Membrane DNA Ribosome Cristae Matrix Granules Mitochondrion

32. - Occurs in 2 main parts: glycolysis and aerobic respiration Electrons carried via NADH Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate ATP Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2 Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis ATP Mitochondrion Aerobic Respiration

33. A.Glycolysis - splits glucose (6-C) into pyruvate (3-C) to release energy - produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH - occurs in the cytoplasm - does not require oxygen 2 ADP + 2 P iP i 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate O – O C CO CH 3

34. ATP NAD + 2 CO 2 3 NAD + 3 NADH + 3 H + ADP + P i FAD FADH 2 Kreb’s Cycle CoA Acetyle CoA NADH + H + CoA CO 2 Pyruvate - completes the energy yielding break down of pyruvate - produces (for each glucose) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH 2, and 3 CO 2 - takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion B.Krebs Cycle

35. Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ P i Protein complex of electron carners Cyt c (Carrying electrons from food) NADH + FADH 2 NAD + FAD + 2 H + + 1 / 2 O 2 H2OH2O ADP + Electron Transport Chain Electron transport and pumping of H +, which create an H + gradient across the membrane Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H + back across the membrane ATP synthase Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Kreb’s Cycle C.Electron Transport Chain - a series of protein molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion - requires oxygen

36. - Energy from electrons from NADH and FADH 2 pumps H + ion into the intermembrane space creating a H + gradient. Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ P i Protein complex of electron carners Cyt c (Carrying electrons from food) NADH + FADH 2 NAD + FAD + 2 H + + 1 / 2 O 2 H2OH2O ADP + Electron Transport Chain Electron transport and pumping of H +, which create an H + gradient across the membrane Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H + back across the membrane ATP synthase Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Kreb’s Cycle

37. - At the end of the chain, electrons are passed to oxygen, forming water. Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ P i Protein complex of electron carners Cyt c (Carrying electrons from food) NADH + FADH 2 NAD + FAD + 2 H + + 1 / 2 O 2 H2OH2O ADP + Electron Transport Chain Electron transport and pumping of H +, which create an H + gradient across the membrane Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H + back across the membrane ATP synthase Q Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Kreb’s Cycle

38. D.Chemiosmosis - H + ions move down their concentration gradient out of the intermembrane space. - ATP synthesized by ATP Synthase as H + ions pass out of the intermembrane space. MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ P i + ADP ATP A rotor within the membrane spins clockwise when H + flows past it down the H + gradient. A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary. A rod (or “stalk”) extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob. Three catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic Phosphate to ADP to make ATP. ATP Synthase

39. D.Chemiosmosis - H + ions move down their concentration gradient out of the intermembrane space. - ATP synthesized by ATP Synthase as H + ions pass out of the intermembrane space. - Produces 32 ATP ATP Synthase

40. IV.Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) - Uses glycolysis to produce ATP in the absence of O 2. - Regenerates NAD from NADH. - Produces only 2 ATP from glucose. Glucose CYTOSOL Pyruvate No O 2 present: Fermentation O 2 present: Cellular Respiration Ethanol or Lactate Acetyl CoA MITOCHONDRION Kreb’s cycle

41. A.Lactic Acid Fermentation - Occurs when skeletal muscles use up O 2 faster than lungs can supply O 2. - Lactic acid produced from pyruvate and NADH converted to NAD. 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 Lactate Lactic acid fermentation O–O– CO CO CH 3 O C O C OHH CH 3 2 Pyruvate Usain Bolt

42. - Also produced by bacteria when processing milk into yogurt and cheese.

43. B.Alcohol Fermentation - Occurs in yeast and some bacteria. - Ethanol and CO 2 produced from pyruvate and NADH converted to NAD. 2 ADP + 2 P iP i 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate 2 Acetaldehyde 2 Ethanol Alcohol fermentation H H OH CH 3 C O – O C CO CH 3 H CO CO 2 2 +2 H +

44. How Cells Obtain Energy A Review of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis (14:02)

45. The End The End