1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.1

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2 Light energy ECOSYSTEM Photosynthesis in chloroplasts CO 2  H 2 O Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules  O2 O2 ATP ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.3 Reactants Products Methane (reducing agent) Oxygen (oxidizing agent) Carbon dioxide Water becomes reduced becomes oxidized

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4 NAD  Nicotinamide (oxidized form) Nicotinamide (reduced form) Oxidation of NADH Reduction of NAD  Dehydrogenase NADH  2[H] (from food) 2 e −  2 H  2 e −  H  HH HH 

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4a NAD  Nicotinamide (oxidized form)

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4b Nicotinamide (reduced form) Oxidation of NADH Reduction of NAD  Dehydrogenase NADH 2 e −  2 H  2 e −  H  HH HH  2[H] (from food) 

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5 Explosive release (a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration H2OH2O Free energy, G Electron transport chain Controlled release of energy H2OH2O 2 H  2 e − 2 H   2 e − ATP ½ ½ ½ H 2  O2O2 O2O2 O2O2 2 H 

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6-1 Electrons via NADH Glycolysis GlucosePyruvate CYTOSOL ATP Substrate-level MITOCHONDRION

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6-2 Electrons via NADH Glycolysis GlucosePyruvate oxidation Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Electrons via NADH and FADH 2 CYTOSOL ATP Substrate-level ATP Substrate-level MITOCHONDRION

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6-3 Electrons via NADH Glycolysis GlucosePyruvate oxidation Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Electrons via NADH and FADH 2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis CYTOSOL ATP Substrate-level ATP Substrate-level MITOCHONDRION ATP Oxidative

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7 Substrate P ADP Product ATP  Enzyme

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.8 Energy Investment Phase Energy Payoff Phase Net Glucose 2 ADP  2 P 4 ADP  4 P 2 NAD   4 e −  4 H  4 ATP formed − 2 ATP used 2 ATP 4 ATP used formed 2 NADH  2 H  2 Pyruvate  2 H 2 O 2 NADH  2 H  2 ATP

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9a Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase Glucose ATP ADP Glucose 6-phosphate Phosphogluco- isomerase Hexokinase 1234 ATP ADP Fructose 6-phosphate Phospho- fructokinase Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase 5 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9aa-1 Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase Glucose

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9aa-2 Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase Glucose 6-phosphate ADP ATP Hexokinase 1

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9aa-3 Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase Glucose 6-phosphate ADP ATP Hexokinase 1 Fructose 6-phosphate Phosphogluco- isomerase 2

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9ab-1 Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase Fructose 6-phosphate

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9ab-2 Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase Fructose 6-phosphate Phospho- fructokinase 3 Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate ATP ADP

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9ab-3 Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase Fructose 6-phosphate Phospho- fructokinase 3 Aldolase Isomerase 45 Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) ATP ADP Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9b Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase 2 NAD  Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 6  2 H  2 NADH 2 2 P i 1,3-Bisphospho- glycerate 3-Phospho- glycerate 2-Phospho- glycerate Phosphoenol- pyruvate (PEP) Pyruvate Phospho- glycerokinase Phospho- glyceromutase Enolase Pyruvate kinase 2 ADP 2 2 2 2 2 ATP 2 H 2 O 2 ATP 9 10 8 7

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9ba-1 Isomerase 4 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase Aldolase 5

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9ba-2 Isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase 2 NAD  Triose phosphate dehydrogenase  2 H  2 NADH 2 1,3-Bisphospho- glycerate 2 Aldolase P i 5 6 4

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9ba-3 Isomerase Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase 2 NAD  Triose phosphate dehydrogenase  2 H  2 NADH 2 1,3-Bisphospho- glycerate 3-Phospho- glycerate Phospho- glycerokinase 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 Aldolase P i 2 5 7 6 4

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9bb-1 3-Phospho- glycerate Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase 2

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9bb-2 8 3-Phospho- glycerate Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase Phospho- glyceromutase 2 2 2 2 H 2 O 2-Phospho- glycerate Phosphoenol- pyruvate (PEP) Enolase 9

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.9bb-3 3-Phospho- glycerate Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase 2 ATP Phospho- glyceromutase 2 2 2 2 2 ADP 2 H 2 O 2-Phospho- glycerate Phosphoenol- pyruvate (PEP) Pyruvate EnolasePyruvate kinase 9 10 8

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.10 CYTOSOL Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) CO 2 CoA NAD  NADH MITOCHONDRION CoA Acetyl CoA  H  Citric acid cycle FADH 2 FAD ADP  P i ATP NADH 3 NAD  3  3 H  2 CO 2

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.10a CYTOSOL Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) CO 2 CoA NAD  NADH MITOCHONDRION CoA Acetyl CoA  H 

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.10b CoA Citric acid cycle FADH 2 FAD ADP  P i ATP NADH 3 NAD  3  3 H  2CO 2 CoA Acetyl CoA

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11-1 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate CoA-SH Citrate H2OH2O Isocitrate Citric acid cycle 2 1

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11-2 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate H2OH2O Isocitrate NADH NAD   H  CO2CO2  -Ketoglutarate Citric acid cycle 3 1 CoA-SH 2

32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11-3 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate H2OH2O Isocitrate NADH NAD   H  CO2CO2  -Ketoglutarate Citric acid cycle CoA-SH CO2CO2 NAD  NADH  H  Succinyl CoA 4 1 3 CoA-SH 2

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11-4 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate H2OH2O Isocitrate NADH NAD   H  CO2CO2  -Ketoglutarate Citric acid cycle CoA-SH CO2CO2 NAD  NADH  H  ATP formation Succinyl CoA ADP GDP GTP P i ATP Succinate 5 4 1 CoA-SH 3 2

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11-5 Malate Succinate FAD FADH 2 Fumarate H2OH2O 7 6 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate H2OH2O Isocitrate NADH NAD   H  CO2CO2  -Ketoglutarate Citric acid cycle CoA-SH CO2CO2 NAD  NADH  H  ATP formation Succinyl CoA ADP GDP GTP P i ATP 5 4 1 CoA-SH 3 2

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11-6 NADH NAD   H  8 Malate Succinate FAD FADH 2 Fumarate H2OH2O 7 6 Acetyl CoA Oxaloacetate Citrate H2OH2O Isocitrate NADH NAD   H  CO2CO2  -Ketoglutarate Citric acid cycle CoA-SH CO2CO2 NAD  NADH  H  ATP formation Succinyl CoA ADP GDP GTP P i ATP 5 4 1 CoA-SH 3 2

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11a CoA-SH Acetyl CoA Start: Acetyl CoA adds its two-carbon group to oxaloacetate, producing citrate; this is a highly exergonic reaction. Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate H2OH2O 1 2

37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11b Isocitrate Redox reaction: Isocitrate is oxidized; NAD  is reduced. Redox reaction: After CO 2 release, the resulting four-carbon molecule is oxidized (reducing NAD  ), then made reactive by addition of CoA. CO 2 release  -Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA NAD  NADH  H  CO2CO2 CO2CO2 CoA-SH NAD  NADH  H  3 4

38. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11c CoA-SH Redox reaction: Succinate is oxidized; FAD is reduced. Fumarate Succinate Succinyl CoA ATP formation ATP ADP GDP GTP FAD FADH 2 P i 5 6

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.11d Redox reaction: Malate is oxidized; NAD  is reduced. Fumarate Malate Oxaloacetate H2OH2O NAD   H  NADH 7 8

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12 Multiprotein complexes (originally from NADH or FADH 2 ) Free energy (G) relative to O 2 (kcal/mol) 50 40 30 20 10 0 NADH NAD  FADH 2 FAD 2 2 e−e− e−e− FMN Fe S Q I II III Cyt b Cyt c 1 Fe S Cyt c IV Cyt a Cyt a 3 2 e−e− O2O2 2 H   ½ H2OH2O

41. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12a Multiprotein complexes Free energy (G) relative to O 2 (kcal/mol) 50 40 30 20 10 NADH NAD  FADH 2 FAD 2 2 e−e− e−e− FMN FeS Q I II III Cyt b Cyt c 1 FeS Cyt c IV Cyt a Cyt a 3 2 e−e−

42. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12b 30 20 10 0 Cyt c 1 Cyt c IV Cyt a Cyt a 3 2 e−e− Free energy (G) relative to O 2 (kcal/mol) (originally from NADH or FADH 2 ) 2 H   ½ O2O2 H2OH2O

43. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX Rotor Internal rod Catalytic knob Stator HH ATP ADP P i 

44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14 Protein complex of electron carriers HH HH HH HH Q I II III FADH 2 FAD NAD  NADH (carrying electrons from food) Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation Chemiosmosis ATP synthase HH ADP  ATP P i H2OH2O 2 H   ½ O 2 IV Cyt c 1 2

45. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14a Protein complex of electron carriers HH Q I II III FADH 2 FAD NAD  NADH (carrying electrons from food) Electron transport chain H2OH2O 2 H   ½ O 2 Cyt c 1 IV HH HH

46. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.14b ATP synthase Chemiosmosis 2 HH HH ADP  P i ATP

47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.15 Electron shuttles span membrane CYTOSOL 2 NADH 2 FADH 2 or 2 NADH Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle 6 NADH2 FADH 2 Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis  about 26 or 28 ATP  2 ATP About 30 or 32 ATP Maximum per glucose: MITOCHONDRION

48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.15a Electron shuttles span membrane 2 NADH 2 FADH 2 or 2 NADH Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate  2 ATP

49. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.15b 2 NADH6 NADH 2 FADH 2 Citric acid cycle Pyruvate oxidation 2 Acetyl CoA  2 ATP

50. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.15c 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 or Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis  about 26 or 28 ATP

51. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.15d Maximum per glucose: About 30 or 32 ATP

52. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16 2 ADP  2 2 ATP P i Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 CO 2 2 NADH  2 H  2 NAD  2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 Acetaldehyde (b) Lactic acid fermentation 2 Lactate 2 NADH  2 H  2 NAD  2 Pyruvate Glycolysis 2 ATP 2 ADP  2 P i Glucose

53. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16a 2 ADP  2 2 ATP P i Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2CO 2 2 NADH  2 H  2 NAD  2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 Acetaldehyde

54. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.16b 2 ADP  2 2 ATP P i Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH  2 H  2 NAD  (b) Lactic acid fermentation 2 Lactate

55. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.17 Glucose CYTOSOL Glycolysis Pyruvate O 2 present: Aerobic cellular respiration No O 2 present: Fermentation Ethanol, lactate, or other products Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle MITOCHONDRION

56. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18-1 Proteins Amino acids Carbohydrates Sugars Fats Glycerol Fatty acids

57. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18-2 Proteins Amino acids Carbohydrates Sugars Glucose Glycolysis Glyceraldehyde 3- Pyruvate P NH 3 Fats Glycerol Fatty acids

58. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18-3 Proteins Amino acids Carbohydrates Sugars Glucose Glycolysis Glyceraldehyde 3- Pyruvate P Acetyl CoA NH 3 Fats Glycerol Fatty acids

59. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18-4 Proteins Amino acids Carbohydrates Sugars Glucose Glycolysis Glyceraldehyde 3- Pyruvate P Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle NH 3 Fats Glycerol Fatty acids

60. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.18-5 Proteins Amino acids Carbohydrates Sugars Glucose Glycolysis Glyceraldehyde 3- Pyruvate P Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle NH 3 Fats Glycerol Fatty acids Oxidative phosphorylation

61. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN01 becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron)

62. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN02 becomes oxidized becomes reduced

63. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN03 becomes oxidized becomes reduced

64. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN04

65. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN05 Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter) Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle (color-coded salmon) 1. Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis (color-coded violet) 2. 3.

66. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN06 Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP

67. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN07 Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP

68. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN08 Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Oxidative phosphorylation ATP Citric acid cycle

69. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN09 Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis ATP

70. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN10a

71. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN10b

72. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN11 Inputs Glucose Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate  2 Outputs ATP NADH  2

73. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN12 Inputs 2 Pyruvate2 Acetyl CoA 2 Oxaloacetate Citric acid cycle Outputs ATP CO 2 2 62 8 NADH FADH 2

74. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN13a Protein complex of electron carriers INTERMEMBRANE SPACE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX (carrying electrons from food) NADH NAD  FADH 2 FAD Cyt c Q I II III IV 2 H   ½O 2 H2OH2O HH HH HH

75. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN13b INTER- MEMBRANE SPACE MITO- CHONDRIAL MATRIX ATP synthase ATP ADP  HH HH P i

76. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.UN14 Time pH difference across membrane