1. Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 25 Reproductive System – Female I
Martini’s Visual
Anatomy and Physiology
First Edition
Martini w Ober
Chapter 25 Reproductive System – Female I
Lecture 22
70 min (31 slides)

2. Review for Lab Exam 2 (See Study Guide)
Respiratory (8 questions)
Be able to calculate vital capacity, minute volume
Review and understand what you did in lab, the equipment you used to derive your data, and understand the results of your breathing experiments
Recognize structures in your study guide on the torso models or in photographs
Urinary System (16 questions)
Be able to recognize all the structures, including all parts of the nephron and the adrenal glands (know these structures well!!) [torso, plaque models, individual models, photos]
Review your urinalysis lab/results and be sure to understand what you did in lab (specific gravity, Clinistix, etc)

3. Review for Lab Exam 2
Reproductive (torso,isolated models) (4 questions)
Be able to recognize the major reproductive structures for the male: testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate
Be able to recognize the major reproductive structures for the female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, ligaments
*Endocrine (photo, torso model) (2 questions)
Be able to recognize major endocrine organs
Cat Dissections (photo, cadaver) (18 questions)
Know the cardiovascular system well and be able to recognize the vessels, using either a cat or a photograph of a cat.
Be able to recognize major structures listed on your Lab guide using either a cat or a photograph of a cat.

4. Lecture Overview Functions of the female reproductive system
The ovaries – structure and function
Female internal reproductive organs
Female external reproductive organs

5. Functions of the Female Reproductive System
Produce and maintain sex cells (eggs) – a function of the ovaries, the primary sex organ
Transport eggs to site of fertilization
Produce female sex hormones
Provide favorable environment for development of offspring
Move offspring to outside (birth)

6. Organs of the Female Reproductive System
(In anteflexion)
(Skene’s glands; lesser vestibular glands)
(Bartholin’s glands)
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

7. Female Pelvic Cavity
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

8. Ovary Attachments (Mesentery) (Retracted)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
(Retracted)
(Mesentery)

9. Ovaries and Their Attachments
Oophorectomy – removal of one or both ovaries
Fold of peritoneum that attaches to sides and floor of pelvic cavity (limits side-to-side movement and rotation)
Posterior view
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

10. Overview of Female Reproductive Cycle
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

11. Overview of the Ovarian Cycle
Ovarian cycle – events occurring monthly in an ovary (oocyte growth and meiosis occur); cycle is usually about 28 days long
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Two phases: 1) Follicular phase 2) Luteal phase

12. Oogenesis Oogonia = stem cells Process stops in meiosis I (Prophase)
Stimulated by FSH/LH
About 2 million primary oocytes at birth. By puberty, there are about 400,000. Fewer than will be released during a female’s reproductive life. Probably fewer than 10 will be fertilized.
Differences in oogenesis from spermatogenesis:
Stem cells oogonia complete mitotic divisions before birth
Cytoplasm of oocyte is unevenly distributed, with generation of polar bodies
Ovaries release a secondary oocyte, rather than a mature ovum.
Similar to spermatogenesis: 1) Meiotic divisions produce haploid gametes, genetically distinct from mother.
How does oogenesis differ from spermatogenesis? How is it the same?

13. Ovarian Cycle – Preovulatory (Follicular) Phase
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
(Graafian)
1.5 cm
Many
Few
One
Thecal and granulosa cells produce estrogens
8-10 days after beginning of cycle
10-14 days
(FSH)
(FSH) LH
Meiosis II started
Meiosis I
Estrogen

14. Ovarian Cycle – Postovulatory (Luteal) Phase
(Day 14)
12 days post ovulation
Lipids used to synthesize progestins, e.g., progesterone (prepares uterine lining for implantation) LH
If fertilization has not occurred LH
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

15. Ovulation
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

16. Female Internal Accessory Organs
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

17. Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
Takes about 4 days for an oocyte to travel from the infundibulum to the uterine cavity
Segments of the uterine tube:
- Infundibulum contains fimbriae (inner surfaces lined with cilia that beat toward center)
- Ampulla (middle, muscular segment)
- Isthmus (segment connected to the uterine wall)
Fertilization usually occurs around here
Oocytes are transported by
- ciliary action
- peristalsis
(Parasympathetic NS activity a few hours before ovulation)
Fallopian tube = salpinx [salping(o)-]
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

18. Lining of Uterine Tubes
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Tall ciliated columnar epithelial cells with interspersed mucin-secreting cells.
Tubes contain glycoproteins and lipids

19. Uterus (hyster(o)-) - Mechanical protection (fetus)
- Nutritional support (fetus)
- Waste removal (fetus)
- Ejection of fetus at birth
Cervical mucous prevents spread of bacteria from vagina to uterus
Cervical mucous becomes thinner around the time of ovulation to allow easier passage of sperm.
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

20. Uterine Wall
Smooth muscle of myometrium is arranged in longitudinal, circular, and oblique layers
Under the influence of estrogen, uterine glands, blood vessels, and epithelium in the functional zone of the endometrium change with the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

21. Clinical Application Cervical Cancer and Pap Smears (Cytology)
Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007
Guardasil (Merck) is a tetravalent vaccine against HPV.
Cervical cancer is more common in: Women between the ages of 30 and Women who smoke - Sexual activity at an early age/history of STDs or cervical inflammation (HPV)

22. Vagina Major functions:
Acidity of vagina protects adults from bacterial infections
Major functions:
- Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids
- Receives penis and holds sperm prior to passage into uterus
- Inferior portion of birth canal for fetal delivery
Low pH of vagina (about ) is due to bacterial production of lactic acid from the glycogen present in the epithelial cells of the vaginal mucosa. Before puberty, the vaginal mucosa is lined by simple cuboidal cells that undergo metaplasia to stratified squamous cells during puberty.
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

23. Female External Reproductive Organs
Female external genitalia = pudendum or vulva
anterior
Includes the structures external to the vagina:
- mons pubis - labia majora and minora - clitoris - vestibular structures
Opening of ducts of greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s) – mucous secretions
Perineum
Know the terms on this slide
posterior
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

24. The Deep Female Perineum
Figure from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007

25. Development of External Reproductive Organs
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Most male and female sex organs originate from the same tissues during fetal development, this includes the vulva. The anatomy of the vulva is related to the anatomy of the male genitalia by a shared developmental biology; organs that have a common developmental ancestry in this way are said to be homologous.
The clitoral glans is homologous to the glans penis in males, and the clitoral body and the clitoral crura are homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The labia majora, labia minora and clitoral hood are homologous to the scrotum, shaft skin of the penis, and the foreskin, respectively. The vestibular bulbs beneath the skin of the labia minora are homologous to the corpus spongiosum, the tissue of the penis surrounding the urethra. The Bartholin's glands are homologous to Cowper's glands in males.

26. Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

27. Function of the female reproductive system
Review
Function of the female reproductive system
Produce and maintain sex cells (eggs) – a function of the ovaries, the primary sex organ
Transport eggs to site of fertilization
Provide favorable environment for development of offspring
Move offspring to outside (birth)
Produce female sex hormones

28. Several ligaments hold female reproductive structures in place
Review
Several ligaments hold female reproductive structures in place
Broad ligament
Suspensory ligament
Ovarian ligament
Uterosacral ligament
Peritoneum-lined recesses in female
Rectouterine pouch – separates uterus from colon
Vesciouterine pouch – separates uterus from urinary bladder

29. Review During oogenesis Ovarian cycle
Oogonia stop development in meiosis I (before birth)
Secondary oocytes, rather than mature gametes, are released monthly at ovulation
Ovarian cycle
Cycle is about 28 days long
Two main phases
Preovulatory (follicular) – 14 days
Postovulatory (luteal) – 14 days

30. Ovarian cycle (continued)
Review
Ovarian cycle (continued)
Preovulatory (follicular) phase
FSH stimulates primordial follicle to develop
Primary follicle secretes estrogen (granulosa and thecal cells)
Tertiary follicle is a mature (Graafian) follicle
Postovulatory (luteal)
LH stimulates rupture of tertiary follicle (ovulation)
Corpus luteum develops from remnants of follicle (granulosa cells)
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone which prepares the uterus for implantation
If pregnancy does not occur, corpus luteum involutes to become the corpus albicans (scar tissue)

31. Review Female internal accessory organs Uterus
Anteflexed muscular organ that will hold developing fetus
Body
Fundus is furthest away from vagina
Perimetrium
Myometrium (thick smooth muscle layer)
Endometrium (Functional zone, basilar zone)
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
Infundibulum (contains fimbriae)
Ampulla (thick muscular wall)
Isthmus (connection with uterus)
Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla/isthmus boundary
Lined with cilia; smooth muscle to capture released oocyte
Nutrient-rich environment (lipids and glycogen)

32. Female internal accessory organs (continued)
Review
Female internal accessory organs (continued)
Vagina
Elastic, muscular tube between cervix and vestibule
Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids
Receives penis and holds sperm prior to passage into uterus
Inferior portion of birth canal for fetal delivery
Maintains an acidic environment (in adults) to prevent infections
Parasympathetic stimulation – expansion and elongation during sexual stimulation
Vestibular glands along sides of vagina secrete mucus to lubricate the vaginal lumen

33. Female External Genitalia
Review
Female External Genitalia
Entire area is the vulva or pudendum
Mons pubis, labia majora
Labia minora, vestibule
Anterior to posterior: clitoris, urethra, vaginal entrance
Bartholin’s glands (greater vestibular); ducts open just posterior to vaginal entrance
Skene’s glands (paraurethral, lesser vestibular); ducts open posterior to urethral meatus

34. Review
Perineum
Diamond-shaped area of the trunk between the thighs and buttocks extending from the pubis to the coccyx (between ischial tuberosities)
Shallow compartment lying between this diamond shaped area and the pelvic floor (formed by pelvic diaphragm)
Male perineum contains: penis, scrotum, anus
Female perineum contains: vulva, anus