1. JOINT It is the site where two or more bones come together, where there is movement or not. It is the site where two or more bones come together, where there is movement or not.

2. FIBROUS JOINTS The articulating surfaces are joined by fibrous tissue. The articulating surfaces are joined by fibrous tissue. Very little movement is possible. Very little movement is possible. E.G : E.G : (1) Sutures of the vault of the skull. (1) Sutures of the vault of the skull. (2) Inferior tibiofibular joints. (2) Inferior tibiofibular joints.

3. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS A. Primary Cartilagenous A. Primary Cartilagenous The bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage. The bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage. E.G : E.G : 1. Between the Epiphysis and Diaphysis of a growing bone. 1. Between the Epiphysis and Diaphysis of a growing bone. 2. Between the first rib and the sternum. 2. Between the first rib and the sternum.

4. CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS B. Secondary Cartilagenous B. Secondary Cartilagenous The bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage. The bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage. Their articulating surfaces are covered by a thin plate of hyaline cartilage. Their articulating surfaces are covered by a thin plate of hyaline cartilage. E.G : (1) joints between the vertebral bodies. E.G : (1) joints between the vertebral bodies. (2) Symphysis pubis. (2) Symphysis pubis.

5. SYNOVIAL JOINT It has a great degree of freedom of movement. It has a great degree of freedom of movement. The articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by a joint cavity. The articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by a joint cavity.

6. SYNOVIAL JOINT The cavity is lined by synovial membrane. The cavity is lined by synovial membrane. It is protected on the outside by a tough fibrous capsule. It is protected on the outside by a tough fibrous capsule. The synovial membrane produces a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid) The synovial membrane produces a lubricating fluid (synovial fluid)

7. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 1. Plane: 1. Plane: The articulating surfaces are flat and the bones slide on one another. The articulating surfaces are flat and the bones slide on one another. E.G : E.G : Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular joints. Sternoclavicular and Acromioclavicular joints.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 2. Hinge : 2. Hinge : It is a uni axial joint (E.G. Elbow, Knee and Ankle joints. It is a uni axial joint (E.G. Elbow, Knee and Ankle joints. 3. Pivot : 3. Pivot : A central bony pivot is surrounded by a bony ligamentous ring. A central bony pivot is surrounded by a bony ligamentous ring. E.G. (Atlanto-axial, superior radioulnar ). E.G. (Atlanto-axial, superior radioulnar ).

9. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 4. Condyloid : 4. Condyloid : Two convex articular surfaces articulate with two concave. (E.G.) Metacarpophalangeal (kunckle joints). Two convex articular surfaces articulate with two concave. (E.G.) Metacarpophalangeal (kunckle joints). 5. Saddle : 5. Saddle : The articulating surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex. (E.G.) Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. The articulating surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex. (E.G.) Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 6. Ellipsoid : 6. Ellipsoid : An elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave one. An elliptical convex articular surface fits into an elliptical concave one. (E.G.) Wrist joint. (E.G.) Wrist joint.

11. CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS 7. Ball and Socket 7. Ball and Socket A ball – shaped head of one bone fits into a socket like concavity of another. A ball – shaped head of one bone fits into a socket like concavity of another. E.G. (Shoulder and Hip). E.G. (Shoulder and Hip).

12. STABILITY OF THE JOINTS 1. The Articular surfaces: shape, size and arrangement (E.G.) ball and socket of hip joint. 1. The Articular surfaces: shape, size and arrangement (E.G.) ball and socket of hip joint. 2. Ligaments : 2. Ligaments : A. Fibrous : they prevent excessive movement in a joint. A. Fibrous : they prevent excessive movement in a joint. If the stress is continuous for long, they become stretched. If the stress is continuous for long, they become stretched. (E.G.) ligaments between the bones forming the arches of the foot. (E.G.) ligaments between the bones forming the arches of the foot.

13. STABILITY OF THE JOINTS B. Elastic : B. Elastic : The ligaments between ear ossicles have an important role in supporting the joints and return the bones to their original position. The ligaments between ear ossicles have an important role in supporting the joints and return the bones to their original position.

14. STABILITY OF THE JOINTS 3. Muscle tone : 3. Muscle tone : In most joints it is the major factor controlling stability. In most joints it is the major factor controlling stability. (E.G.) the muscles around the shoulder joint. (E.G.) the muscles around the shoulder joint.

15. TERMS OF MOVEMENT 1. Flexion : 1. Flexion : It takes place in the sagittal plane. It takes place in the sagittal plane. It is usually an anterior movement. It is usually an anterior movement. 2. Extension : 2. Extension : It is straightening of the joint. It is straightening of the joint. It takes place in a posterior direction. It takes place in a posterior direction.

16. TERMS OF MOVEMENT Lateral flexion : Lateral flexion : It is movement in the coronal plane. It is movement in the coronal plane.

17. TERMS OF MOVEMENT 3. Abduction : 3. Abduction : It is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane. It is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane. 4. Adduction : 4. Adduction : It is movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane. It is movement of a limb toward the body in the coronal plane. 5. Circumduction : 5. Circumduction : It is the combination of flexion, extension,abduction and adduction. It is the combination of flexion, extension,abduction and adduction.

18. TERMS OF MOVEMENT 6. Medial rotation : 6. Medial rotation : The anterior surface of the part faces medially. The anterior surface of the part faces medially. 7. Lateral rotation: 7. Lateral rotation: The anterior surface of the part faces laterally. The anterior surface of the part faces laterally.

19. TERMS OF MOVEMENT 8. Pronation of the forearm: 8. Pronation of the forearm: It is medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly. It is medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly. 9. Supination of the forearm: 9. Supination of the forearm: It is lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly. It is lateral rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly.

20. TERMS OF MOVEMENT 10. Planter flexion and Dorsiflexion of the foot. 10. Planter flexion and Dorsiflexion of the foot. 11. Inversion : 11. Inversion : The sole faces in a medial direction. The sole faces in a medial direction. 12. Eversion : 12. Eversion : The sole faces in a lateral direction. The sole faces in a lateral direction.