2.  Describe how Lavoisier transformed chemistry  Identify the steps in the scientific method  Explain why collaboration and communication are important in science

3.  Scientific method  Observation  Hypothesis  Experiment  Manipulated variable  Responding variable  Theory  Scientific law

4.  Alchemy: was the study of matter that came before chemistry  It rose from many different regions of the ancient world and was practiced as early as 400 B.C.  It had two sides: practical & mystical  Practical alchemy focused on developing techniques for working with metals, glass, & dyes  Mystical alchemy focused on concepts like turning lead into gold

5.  Ultimately, alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals  Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals  They designed equipment such as: beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar & pestle

6.  By the 1500’s alchemy was a thing of the past and science flourished  In the 1600’s, the Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Natural Knowledge, the first scientific organization, was formed  They met to discuss scientific topics and conduct experiments  The society’s aim was to encourage scientists to base their conclusions about the natural world on experimental evidence

7.  Famous chemist of the 1700’s in France  He helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to a science of measurement  He designed a balance to measure mass to the nearest 0.005 gram  He also through experimentation proved how things burn As brilliant as he was, it did not save him from the revolutionary guillotine

8.  Is a logical systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem  Steps in the scientific method:  Making observations  Forming a hypothesis  Testing a hypothesis  Drawing conclusions  Communicating results  They Might be Giants: Scientific Method Song They Might be Giants: Scientific Method Song  Monty Python demos the scientific method Monty Python demos the scientific method  Big Bang Theory: Scientific Method Big Bang Theory: Scientific Method

10.  Requires using your senses to obtain information  This information can then lead to a question to be answered  For example, while on vacation in Alaska you observed the aurora borealis  This leads you to ask “What causes the different colors of light?”

11.  Using our previous example, we proposed that the different colors of light are due to different gases.  Coming up with a possible explanation for an observation is called a hypothesis  The procedure for testing a hypothesis is called an experiment  When we design an experiment, we have to deal with variables, or factors that change  What could we do for an experiment to test our hypothesis?

12. Manipulated  Is the variable you change in an experiment  Also called the independent variable  What would our manipulated variable be? Responding  Is the variable you observe during the experiment  Also called the dependent variable  What would our responding variable be?

13.  Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a theory  A theory is a well tested explanation for a broad set of observations  For example: chemistry’s focus is the fundamental structure of matter theory  Theories allow us to predict the behavior of matter or visualize processes that we can not see  Theories can change and can be disproved

14.  A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments  For example: we will discuss the gas laws  A law doesn’t try to explain the relationship it describes  A theory is required for an explanation

15. Collaboration  Is the joining of scientists, usually from different areas of expertise to solve a problem  It is a practical choice since no one is an expert in everything  However, it isn’t always a smooth process Communication  Is essential for sharing scientific ideas with other scientists as well as the public  The methods have changed with the development of technology  However, scientist still publish their work in scientific journals