2. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 The Agricultural Ontology Service : A Proposal to Create Knowledge Organisation Framework in the area of Food and Agriculture

3. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 2 The main problems Efficient resource discovery is at the moment only possible with human coded catalogues by specialists Little domain interoperability, cross domain searching needs high efforts The work of knowledge organization is done without coordination and by duplicating efforts Machine systems are inefficient or tend to be proprietary or closed in a specific application The new possibilities of the web and the electronic availability of Information Objects are not fully exploited

4. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 3 The Evolution of Knowledge Management Full Text Search engines (Semantic text analysis) Card and computer catalogues Web catalogues on the templates of traditional catalogs Human indexing and document annotating Machine readable metadata (RDF) Machine indexing and document annotating Semantic WebWebPre-Web Full Text Search engines (Statistical text analysis) Implicit knowledge based web portals Formal Knowledge based web portals Ontologies Thesauri, Classification Schemes, Glossaries, Keyword Lists, Text Mining by Robots Human reading, checking and ordering

5. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 4 What is an Ontology? It is a buzz word, but also something very simple Everyone creates “Ontology” A directory structure on a hard disk is an ontology A personal agenda is an ontology A bibliographical catalogue is an ontology Humans can survive without ontologies, but humans have intuition Machine have no intuition Machine need formal information

6. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 5 Do we need Ontologies? An ontology is a formal knowledge organization (representation system). It contains concepts Information about these concepts Relations between these concepts and instances, And it contains information about the relations between instances and concepts

7. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 6 Classification Relations--class-subclass relations. Meronymic Relations--used to describe part-of relationships. Temporal Relations--define the time interval and time point aspects of an ontology. Spatial Relations--used to describe space relationships between objects. Influence Relations--expresses an impact or effect one object has on another. Dependency Relations--describes an objects dependency on another. Case Relations--provides ability to express a knowledge structure without which the relation cannot exist. Defining relations in an ontology- Important relationships that should be introduced in the AOS

8. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 7 Sample ontology for crop pest management

9. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 8 In which areas Ontologies can help (1) Teaching machines to have some intelligence Automatic indexing and text annotation tools Better machine translation Text Mining on the Web (meaning-oriented access) Full text search engines that create meaningful classification (FAO-Schwartz not related to FAO) (semantic clustering)

10. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 9 In which areas Ontologies can help (2) Better structure and organization of knowledge on the web Knowledge maps Guided discovery of knowledge Easy retrievability of information without using complicated Boolean logic

11. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 10. Support for Natural Language Processing through concept matching and query processing locate a concept based on a description find other similar objects in the ontology In which areas Ontologies can help (3)

12. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 11 AOS: Possible Use... (1) Records found: 5 1. xxxxxxxxxxx 2. xxxxxxxxxxx 3. xxxxxxxxxxx 4. xxxxxxxxxxx 5. xxxxxxxxxxx Biotopes Cropping systems using forests Economics of forest production Forestry equipment Soil science You may also be interested in... What would you like to view? Forest rights issues Parasites of forests Pesticides used in forests Types of forest products Uses of forest products Geographic area You can further limit by: x Africa Web page Type of resource

13. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 12 AOS: Possible Use... (2) Conservation agriculture Farmers like it because it gives them a means of conserving, improving and making more efficient use of their natural resources About camels and llamas Descendants of the same rabbit-sized mammal, they have become two of humanity's most versatile domestic animals Agribusiness and small farmers Well managed contract farming contributes to both increased income for producers and higher profits for investors Toward biosecurity Biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture have intensified with economic globalization Urban food marketing In the “century of cities”, a major challenge will be providing adequate quantities of nutritional and affordable food for urban inhabitants Crop science and ethics In order to continue their contribution to human development, crop scientists must regain credibility Use your right mouse button to learn more about an italicized word on the page. Biosecurity: management of all biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture, including forestry and fisheries See also: Biosafety Food Safety Risk Management Or are you interested in...: Food Security Biological Diversity Agricultural Web Page

14. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 13 What is the starting point? FAO maintains the multilingual thesaurus AGROVOC since the early 80s Other consistent thesauri are maintained by CABI in England and the National Agricultural Library in the States Various other knowledge organization systems are scattered around the world The existing systems are language biased with English as the leading language None of the systems is satisfactory for resource description and discovery purposes

15. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 14 Why an Agricultural Ontology Service (1) AGROVOC NAL Thesaurus CABI Thesaurus Dedicated KOSs Non-dedicated KOSs e.g., ASFA thesaurus e.g., the Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus e.g., the Sustainable Development website classification e.g., biological taxonomies such as NCBI and ITIS GEMET Other thematic thesauri Existing Thesauri and Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs)

16. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 15 Why an Agricultural Ontology Service (2) FAO can be a neutral point of co-ordination Central access-point to domain knowledge Re-usability of domain knowledge Involvement of a high number of subject specialists Clear and distributed responsibilities for maintenance Federation of Institutions to manage this service Possibility of business plan to assure sustainability

17. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 16 AOS: Possible Use... (3) Create your own ontologies using the AOS The AOS provides the necessary building blocks to create your own ontologies. Follow the following simple steps to create your ontology instantly. Domain Authority Ontology Content & Structure Language Representation

18. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 17 AOS: Iterative Knowledge Registration KOS application KOS uses components to build an application Discussions and choices for amendments to components KOS partner Agricultural Ontology Service (AOS) Federated storage and description facility Components: terms, definitions, relationships KOS partner Components: terms, definitions, relationships Users search and browse application using components User feedback

19. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 18 AOS: What was done and what is to do In summer 2001 a first concept note was circulated and found broad interest The first workshop took place mid November in Rome (50 participants, 13 countries, CABI, FAO (GIL,FI,ES), GFIS/IUFRO, CG centres, CNR- Italy, Universities of Florida, Karlsruhe, Lisboa) The AOS website (http://www.fao.org/agris/aos) has been published A launch group was established to prepare a project plan. The workshop report, a background document and a project brief are to be released The second AOS workshop and launch group meeting takes place this week in Oxford Preparation of a proposal for the 6th framework

20. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division FAO-IUFRO- GFIS-CABI Discussion about a Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus Meeting Rome 22-01-2001 Slide 19 http://www.fao.org/agris/aos johannes.keizer@fao.org frehiwot.fisseha@fao.org J.Brooks@cabi.org Information and Contacts