1. Checks on the Power of the President

2. Congress and the President Presidential powers have grown in times of crisis or simply when Congress is unable to meet public demands for solutions Congress still holds power over the president’s executive actions by cutting off funds Congress can impeach and even remove a president from office

3. Shifting Balance of Power After the Civil War, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act: prevented the president, under the threat of civil penalty, from removing any Cabinet- level appointees of the previous administration  Johnson challenged Act by firing Lincoln’s secretary of war  House voted to impeach, effort fell short by one vote Presidential Power weakened, Congress became the central Power

4. Shifting Balance of Power In the early 1900s, a series of strong presidents acted at the expense of the congressional power  Theodore Roosevelt  Franklin D. Roosevelt  Lyndon B. Johnson Since F.D.R. Congress has given the president a major role in the legislative process Congress often responds to executive branch proposals

5. Congressional Oversight Oversight: Congressional review of the activities of an agency, department, or office Since 1960s, Congress has increased its oversight of the executive branch Committees have been set up to ensure agencies, departments, or offices are carrying out their responsibilities as Congress intends

6. Congressional Oversight Congressional oversight includes checks on abuses of power by members of the military and governmental officials (including the president) Legislators increase their formal oversight by allowing citizens to appeal bureaucratic decisions to agencies, Congress and even the courts Congressional Review Act of 1996 (Congressional Review): a process which allows Congress to nullify agency regulations by joint resolutions of legislative disproval

7. Congressional Review Act provides Congress with 60 days to disapprove newly announced agency regulations, often passed to implement some congressional action A regulation is disapproved if the resolution is passed by both chambers and signed by the president or when Congress overrides a presidential veto of a disapproving resolution

8. Foreign Affairs Oversight Constitution divides foreign policy powers between executive and legislative branches President= wage war & negotiate treaties Congress= declare war & Senate can ratify treaties

9. Foreign Oversight Due to a series of crises and the development of nuclear weapons quick decision making and secrecy President > Congress  Congress’ 535 members make it difficult to reach a consensus or keep a secret War Powers Act  Limited effectiveness of larger Congressional role in international crisis situations

10. Confirmation of Presidential Appointments Senate plays a key function in confirming presidential appointments to the federal courts A wise president considers senatorial reactions before nominating potential controversial individuals to his administration or the federal courts

11. Impeachment Congress’s ultimate oversight of the President Constitution specifics that a president can be impeached for treason, bribery or other “high crimes and misdemeanors”  “high crimes and misdemeanors”-> significant abuses of power

12. Political Considerations

13. Historical Examples Until 1998, only three resolutions against presidents resulted in further action  John Tyler- corruption and misconduct  Andrew Johnson- serious misconduct  Richard Nixon- obstruction and abuse of power

14. The “Power of the Purse” Congress can limit the executive branches activities by limiting or cutting off funding Congress can also use this “power” to cut funding off to states who institutes laws Congress does not like  Example: legal drinking age to 21

15. The Supreme Court Judicial Review gives the Supreme Court the power to review the constitutionality of acts of Congress  Congress might not always be mindful that laws are in accord with the Constitution Congress can determine the size of Supreme Court  Determine the appellate jurisdiction  Structure of the federal court system Senate can accept or reject presidential nominees for the federal courts

16. The Supreme Court Senatorial Courtesy: A process by which presidents, when selecting district court judges, defer to the senator in whose state the vacancy occurs Jurisdiction, or ability of the federal courts to hear cases, was quite limited, however, caseloads of the courts have skyrocketed Congress rears the ugly head of jurisdiction to signal to federal courts that Congress believes the federal judges have gone too far

17. Public Opinion