1. Cumulative Final Exam 2 nd Semester Study Guide Answers

2. 1.Define Genetics. – The study of heredity or how traits are passed 2.Define dominant and recessive alleles – Dominant allele- an allele whose trait always show up and mask recessive allele – Recessive allele-an allele that is only present when there are two recessive alleles 3.What does codominance mean in genetics? – Neither dominant nor recessive.

3. 4.A cat with black fur and one with purebred brown fur had offspring called the F1 generation. In time, two of the offspring from the F1 generation mated and produced offspring called the F2 generation. What percentage of F2 generation would be born with brown fur? 75% BBrown Fur bBlack Fur F1bb BBb B FF2Bb BBBBb b bb

4. 5.Ms. Jones has 10 children. She is heterozygous for her dimples and her husband has a homozygous dimple genotype. What is the probability that their 11th child will have dimples? – 100% 6.What is selective breeding? – the crossing of two organisms in order to achieve a new breed with desired traits. 7.In mitosis, body cells divide to create two daughter cells. The daughter cells have the SAME number of chromosomes as the parent cell and the DNA is IDENTICAL!! Dd DDDDd DDDDd

5. 8.A scientist crossed a purebred brown cat with a purebred black-cat. Brown is dominant over black. What is the probability that the offspring will be brown? – 100% 9.Years after Mendel completed his research, other scientists investigated further. In the process, they discovered genes and chromosomes. How are genes related to chromosomes? – GENES are located on CHROMOSOMES BB bBb b

6. 10.In humans, dimples (D) are dominant over no dimples (d). A man with dimples marries a woman without dimples and they have three children, two of whom have dimples and one of whom does not have dimples. If no dimples are recessive, what must the man’s genotype be? Dd DD d d Dd d dd dDddd

7. 11.What are homologous structures? – These are body parts that are similar in structure and origin. 12.Some newly hatched birds can fly faster than others of the same species; this is evidence of ______________ within the species. – Variation 13.In modern times, where does MOST evidence for evolution come from? – DNA

8. 14.Which theory states evolution is a slow change of one species to another? – Gradualism 15.Define natural selection. – The process by which inherited traits that enable an organism to survive successfully are passed down to offspring. 16.Define variation. – Any difference in a species

9. 17.Define punctuated equilibrium. – Rapid evolution with few intermediate forms 18.List two examples of variations. – Camouflage and mimicry 19.What are the 4 factors of Natural Selection? Define each factor. – Competition, selection, variation, overproduction 20.Describe how natural selection leads to evolution. – Helpful genes build up among surviving members of the species.

10. 21.Which classification level is broader than the phylum level? – Kingdom 22.Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes? – Archaebacteria and eubacteria 23.Which kingdoms include both unicellular and multicellular organisms? – Protist and fungi 24.Which two kingdoms are composed of only heterotrophs? Which kingdom is made of only autotrophs? – Heterotrophs- fungi and animals – Autotrophs- Plants – Autotrophs and heterotrophs- protist, archaebacteria, eubacteria

11. 25.A cat's scientific name is Felix domesticus; which genus does it belong to? – Felix 26.A rod-shaped cell with no nuclear membrane and having a capsule exterior to its cell wall is a member of which kingdom? – Eubacteria 27.Eukaryotes have ___________________________ and prokaryotes don’t. – Nucleus 28.While working on a cure for cancer, Dr. Smith was working in her lab and discovered a new organism that was unicellular, eukaryotic, lived in water, and resembled an amoeba. In what kingdom would this organism most likely be classified? – Protist

12. 29.How can you determine that certain organisms are more closely related to each other than to other organisms? A.Because they share more of the same classification levels (meaning they have more levels in common)

13. 30. What information in the table tells us that the grey wolf is more closely related to the Canadian lynx than humans? The wolf and lynx belong to the class Carnivora, therefore they are closely related. Taxonomic GroupHumanCanadian LynxEastern White Pine TreeGrey Wolf KingdomAnimalia PlantaeAnimailia PhylumChordata PinophytaChoradata ClassMammalia PinopsidaMammailia OrderPrimatesCarnivoraPinalesCarnivora FamilyHominidaeFelidaePinaceaeCanidae GenusHomoLynxPinusCanis Speciessapiensrufusstrobuslupus