1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Chapter 20 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

2.  How can geckos climb walls and stick to the ceiling? –The surfaces of gecko toes are covered by millions of microscopic hairs. –Each hair has a slight molecular attraction that helps it stick to the surface. –This adhesive relationship is an example of the correlation between structure and function. Introduction © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Figure 20.0_1

4. Figure 20.0_2 Chapter 20: Big Ideas Structure and Function in Animal Tissues Organs and Organ Systems External Exchange and Internal Regulation

5. Figure 20.0_3

6. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN ANIMAL TISSUES © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. 20.1 Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body  Anatomy is the study of structure.  Physiology is the study of function.  Animals consist of a hierarchy of levels or organization. –Tissues are an integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function. –Organs perform a specific task and consist of two or more tissues. –Organ systems consist of multiple organs that together perform a vital body function. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Figure 20.1 Tissue level Muscle tissue Cellular level Muscle cell Organ level Heart Organ system level Circulatory system Organism level Many organ systems functioning together

9. 20.2 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: An animal’s form reflects natural selection  The body plan or design of an organism –reflects the relationship between form and function, –results from natural selection, and –does not imply a process of conscious invention.  Streamlined and tapered bodies –increase swimming speeds and –have similarly evolved in fish, sharks, and aquatic birds and mammals, representing convergent evolution. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Shark Eating a SealVideo: Galápagos Sea Lion

10. Figure 20.2 Seal Shark Penguin

11. 20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function  Tissues –are an integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function and –combine to form organs.  Animals have four main categories of tissues: 1.epithelial tissue, 2.connective tissue, 3.muscle tissue, and 4.nervous tissue. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. 20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities  Epithelial tissues, or epithelia, are sheets of closely packed cells that –cover body surfaces and –line internal organs and cavities.  Epithelial cells come in three shapes: 1.squamous—like a fried egg, 2.cuboidal—as tall as they are wide, and 3.columnar—taller than they are wide. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. 20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities  Epithelial tissues are named according to the –number of cell layers they have and –shape of the cells on their apical surface. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. Figure 20.4 Stratified squamous epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Basal lamina Underlying tissue Apical surface of epithelium Cell nuclei

15. 20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues  Connective tissue can be grouped into six major types. 1.Loose connective tissue –is the most widespread, –consists of ropelike collagen and elastic fibers that are strong and resilient, and –helps to join skin to underlying tissues. 2.Fibrous connective tissue –has densely packed collagen fibers and –forms tendons that attach muscle to bone. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. 20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues 3.Adipose tissue stores fat in large, closely packed cells held in a matrix of fibers. 4.Cartilage –is a strong and flexible skeletal material and –commonly surrounds the ends of bones. 5.Bone –has a matrix of collagen fibers –embedded in a hard mineral substance containing calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. 6.Blood transports substances throughout the body. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Figure 20.5 Cell nucleus Collagen fiber Elastic fibers Loose connective tissue (under the skin) Cell nucleus Collagen fibers Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon) Fat droplets Adipose tissue White blood cells Red blood cell Plasma Blood Central canal Matrix Bone Bone- forming cells Cartilage- forming cells Matrix Cartilage (at the end of a bone)

18. Figure 20.5_1 Cell nucleus Collagen fiber Elastic fibers Loose connective tissue (under the skin)

19. Figure 20.5_2 Cell nucleus Collagen fibers Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon)

20. Figure 20.5_3 Fat droplets Adipose tissue

21. Figure 20.5_4 Cartilage- forming cells Matrix Cartilage (at the end of a bone)

22. Figure 20.5_5 Central canal Matrix Bone Bone- forming cells

23. Figure 20.5_6 White blood cells Red blood cell Plasma Blood

24. 20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement  Muscle tissue is the most abundant tissue in most animals.  There are three types of vertebrate muscle tissue: 1.Skeletal muscle causes voluntary movements. 2.Cardiac muscle pumps blood. 3.Smooth muscle moves walls of internal organs, such as the intestines. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Figure 20.6 Unit of muscle contraction Muscle fiber (cell) Nuclei Skeletal muscle Muscle fiber Nucleus Junction between two cells Cardiac muscle Muscle fiber Smooth muscle Nucleus

26. Figure 20.6_1 Unit of muscle contraction Muscle fiber (cell) Nuclei Skeletal muscle

27. Figure 20.6_2 Muscle fiber Nucleus Junction between two cells Cardiac muscle

28. Figure 20.6_3 Muscle fiber Smooth muscle Nucleus

29. 20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network  Nervous tissue –senses stimuli and –rapidly transmits information.  Neurons carry signals by conducting electrical impulses.  Other cells in nervous tissue –insulate axons, –nourish neurons, and –regulate the fluid around neurons. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Figure 20.7 Dendrites Cell body Axon

31. ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. 20.8 Organs are made up of tissues  Each tissue performs specific functions.  The heart has –extensive muscle that generates contractions, –epithelial tissues that line the heart chambers, –connective tissues that make the heart elastic, and –neurons that regulate contractions. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. 20.8 Organs are made up of tissues  The small intestine –is lined by a columnar epithelium, –includes connective tissues that contain blood vessels, and –has two layers of smooth muscle that help propel food.  The inner surface of the small intestine has many fingerlike projections that increase the surface area for absorption. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. Figure 20.8 Small intestine Lumen Epithelial tissue (columnar epithelium) Connective tissue Smooth muscle tissue (two layers) Connective tissue Epithelial tissue

35.  Bioengineering is seeking ways to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs.  New tissues and organs are being grown using a patient’s own cells.  These techniques –remove the risk of tissue rejection and –may someday reduce the shortage of organs available for transplants. 20.9 CONNECTION: Bioengineers are learning to produce tissues and organs for transplants © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Figure 20.9

37. 20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions  Each organ system –typically consists of many organs, –has one or more functions, and –works with other organ systems to create a functional organism. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. Figure 20.10_L Blood vessels Heart Circulatory system Respiratory system Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung Bone Cartilage Skeletal system Muscular system Skeletal muscles Integumentary system Hair Skin Nails Urinary system Digestive system Urinary bladder Small intestine Large intestine Kidney Ureter Urethra Mouth Esophagus Liver Stomach Anus

39. Figure 20.10_R Endocrine system Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Ovary (female) Lymphatic and immune systems Lymph nodes Appendix Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Lymphatic vessels Reproductive system Female Oviduct Ovary Uterus Vagina Male Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Vas deferens Penis Urethra Testis Nervous system Brain Sense organ (ear) Spinal cord Nerves

40.  The skeletal and muscular systems support and move the body.  The digestive and respiratory systems obtain food and oxygen.  The circulatory system transports these materials.  The urinary system disposes of wastes.  The integumentary system covers the body. 20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. Figure 20.10_1 Circulatory system Respiratory system Nasal cavity Blood vessels Heart Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung

42. Figure 20.10_2 Integumentary system Hair Skin Nails

43. Figure 20.10_3 Bone Cartilage Skeletal system

44. Figure 20.10_4 Muscular system Skeletal muscles

45. Figure 20.10_5 Urinary system Digestive system Urinary bladder Small intestine Large intestine Kidney Ureter Urethra Mouth Esophagus Liver Stomach Anus

46.  The lymphatic and immune systems protect the body from infection.  The nervous and endocrine systems control and coordinate body functions.  The reproductive system produces offspring. 20.10 Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. Figure 20.10_6 Endocrine system Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Ovary (female)

48. Figure 20.10_7 Lymphatic and immune systems Lymph nodes Appendix Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Lymphatic vessels

49. Figure 20.10_8 Nervous system Brain Sense organ (ear) Spinal cord Nerves

50. Figure 20.10_9 Reproductive system Female Oviduct Ovary Uterus Vagina Male Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Vas deferens Penis Urethra Testis

51. 20.11 CONNECTION: New imaging technology reveals the inner body  New technologies –are used in medical diagnosis and research and –allow physicians to examine organ systems without surgery.  X-rays help create images of hard structures such as bones and teeth.  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) –takes advantage of the behavior of the hydrogen atoms in water molecules and –provides three-dimensional images of very small structures. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

52. Figure 20.11A Femur (thigh bone) Torn meniscus Tibia (shin bone)

53.  A newer X-ray technology called computed tomography (CT) –produces high-resolution images of cross sections of the body and –can detect small differences between normal and abnormal tissues in many organs.  Positron-emission tomography (PET) helps identify metabolic processes at specific body locations.  CT and PET images can be combined for an even more informative image. 20.11 CONNECTION: New imaging technology reveals the inner body © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

54. Figure 20.11B

55. 20.12 The integumentary system protects the body  The skin consists of two layers: 1.The epidermis –is a stratified squamous epithelium and –forms the surface of the skin. 2.The dermis –forms a deeper skin layer and –is composed of dense connective tissue with many resilient elastic fibers and strong collagen fibers. –The dermis contains hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, muscle cells, nerves, sensory receptors, and blood vessels. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

56. Figure 20.12 Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis (under the skin) Adipose tissue Blood vessels Hair follicle Oil gland Sweat gland Nerve Muscle Sweat pore Hair

57.  Skin has many functions. –The epidermis –resists physical damage, –decreases water loss, and –prevents penetration by microbes. –The dermis –collects sensory information, –synthesizes vitamin D, and –helps regulate body temperature. 20.12 The integumentary system protects the body © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

58.  Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light –causes skin cells to release melanin, which contributes to a visible tan, and –damages DNA of skin cells and can lead to –premature aging of the skin, –cataracts, and –skin cancers. 20.12 The integumentary system protects the body © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

59.  Hair –is an important component of the integumentary system of mammals, –helps to insulate their bodies, and –consists of a shaft of keratin-filled dead cells.  Oil glands release oils that –are associated with hair follicles, –lubricate hair, –condition surrounding skin, and –inhibit the growth of bacteria. 20.12 The integumentary system protects the body © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

60. EXTERNAL EXCHANGE AND INTERNAL REGULATION © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

61. 20.13 Structural adaptations enhance exchange with the environment  Every organism is an open system that must exchange matter and energy with its surroundings.  Cells in small and flat animals can exchange materials directly with the environment. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

62. 20.13 Structural adaptations enhance exchange with the environment  However, as organisms increase in size, the surface area –is too small for the corresponding volume and –too far away from the deepest cells of the body. –In these organisms, evolutionary adaptations –consist of extensively branched or folded surfaces, which increase the area of these surfaces and –provide for sufficient environmental exchange. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

63. 20.13 Structural adaptations enhance exchange with the environment  The respiratory system exchanges gases between the external environment and blood.  The digestive system acquires food and eliminates wastes.  The excretory system eliminates metabolic waste.  The circulatory system –distributes gases, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body and –exchanges materials between blood and body cells through the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

64. Figure 20.13A EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Mouth Food CO 2 O2O2 ANIMAL Digestive system Respiratory system Circulatory system Urinary system Heart Interstitial fluid Body cells Intestine Anus Unabsorbed matter (feces) Metabolic waste products (urine) Nutrients B l o o d

65. Figure 20.13B Trachea

66.  Homeostasis is the active maintenance of a steady state within the body. –External environmental conditions may fluctuate wildly. –Homeostatic mechanisms regulate internal conditions. 20.14 Animals regulate their internal environment © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

67. Figure 20.14_UN

68. Figure 20.14 Homeostatic mechanisms External environment Large fluctuations Internal environment Small fluctuations

69.  Control systems –detect change and –direct responses.  Negative-feedback mechanisms –keep internal variables steady and –permit only small fluctuations around set points. 20.15 Homeostasis depends on negative feedback © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Negative Feedback Animation: Positive Feedback

70. Figure 20.15_s1 Homeostasis: Body temperature approximately 37°C

71. Figure 20.15_s2 Brain activates cooling mechanisms. Brain activates warming mechanisms. Temperature rises above set point Temperature falls below set point Homeostasis: Body temperature approximately 37°C

72. Figure 20.15_s3 Sweat evaporates, cooling the body. Blood vessels dilate. Brain activates cooling mechanisms. Blood vessels constrict. Brain activates warming mechanisms. Shivering generates heat. Temperature rises above set point Temperature falls below set point Homeostasis: Body temperature approximately 37°C

73. Figure 20.15_s4 Sweat evaporates, cooling the body. Blood vessels dilate. Brain activates cooling mechanisms. Cooling mechanisms shut off. Warming mechanisms shut off. Blood vessels constrict. Brain activates warming mechanisms. Shivering generates heat. Temperature decreases Temperature increases Temperature rises above set point Temperature falls below set point Homeostasis: Body temperature approximately 37°C

74. Figure 20.15_5 Homeostasis: Body temperature approximately 37°C Temperature decreases Temperature rises above set point The thermostat shuts off the cooling mechanisms. Blood vessels in the skin dilate, increasing heat loss. Sweat glands secrete sweat that evaporates, cooling the body. The thermostat in the brain activates cooling mechanisms.

75. Figure 20.15_6 Homeostasis: Body temperature approximately 37°C Temperature increases Temperature falls below set point The thermostat shuts off the warming mechanisms. Blood vessels in the skin constrict, minimizing heat loss. Skeletal muscles contract; shivering generates heat. The thermostat in the brain activates warming mechanisms.

76. You should now be able to 1.Describe the levels of organization in an animal’s body. 2.Explain how size and shape can influence the structure of an animal. 3.Define a tissue, describe the four main types of animal tissue, and note their structures and their functions. 4.Explain how the structure of organs is based on the cooperative interactions of tissues. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

77. 5.Explain how artificial tissues are created and used. 6.Describe the general structures and functions of the 12 major vertebrate organ systems. 7.Describe and compare X-ray, CT, MRI, and PET imaging technologies. 8.Relate the structure of the skin to its functions. You should now be able to © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

78. 9.Describe the systems that help an animal exchange materials with its environment. 10.Describe examples of adaptations to increase the surface-to-volume ratio. 11.Define the concept of homeostasis and illustrate it with examples. 12.Explain how negative feedback is used to regulate internal body temperature. You should now be able to © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

79. Figure 20.UN01 20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities. 20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues. 20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement. 20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network. Sheets of closely packed cells Sparse cells in extra- cellular matrix Long cells (fibers) with contractile proteins Neurons with branching extensions; supporting cells Columnar epithelium Loose connective tissueSkeletal muscle Neuron Example Structure Function

80. Figure 20.UN01_1 20.4 Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities. 20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues. Sheets of closely packed cells Sparse cells in extra- cellular matrix Columnar epithelium Loose connective tissue Example Structure Function

81. Figure 20.UN01_2 Example Structure Function 20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement. 20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communication network. Long cells (fibers) with contractile proteins Neurons with branching extensions; supporting cells Skeletal muscle Neuron

82. Figure 20.UN02 a. b. c. d. e.