6. GLYCOLYSIS means “sugar splitting”

8. Kreb Cycle

11. Proteins embedded along inner membrane of mitochondria

15. k

18. Pyruvate reduced by NADH to: –Lactate Animals & some bacteria Cheese & yogurt; sauerkraut –Ethanol & carbon dioxide Yeasts Bread and alcoholic beverages Allows glycolysis to proceed faster than O 2 can be obtained –Anaerobic exercise –Lactic acid accumulates –Causes cramping and oxygen debt When O 2 restored, lactate broken down to acetyl-CoA and metabolized

19. Aerobic Vs Anaerobic Efficiency CALORIES??????

20. Exercise – test of homeostasis Muscle contracts – increases demand for _______ This increases the demand for –A) –B) Oxygen debt – As training continues – –A) –B)

21. Oxygen Debt Oxygen debt refers to the amount of oxygen that liver cells require to convert the accumulated lactic acid into glucose, plus the amount that muscle cells need to resynthesize ATP and creatine phosphate to their original concentrations.

23. Test your oxygen debt Breathing rate = number of inhalations per minute Initial rate After exercise 5 minutes after exercise

24. The Demand for ATP WHY EXACTLY DO YOUR MUSCLES NEED ATP? 41.3 in textbook

26. Microscopic Anatomy and Physiology Sarcolemma –Plasma membrane Sarcoplasmic Reticulum –Modified endoplasmic reticulum Myofibrils –Contractile structures in sarcoplasm Sarcomeres –Units of contraction –Consist primarily of proteins Myosin Actin

27. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure and Function

28. Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model

30. Neuromuscular Junction

31. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

32. Neuromuscular Junction 1.The site where the motor neuron and muscle fiber meet is the neuromuscular junction. a.The muscle fiber membrane forms a motor end plate in which the sarcolemma is tightly folded and where nuclei and mitochondria are abundant. b.The cytoplasm of the motor neuron contains numerous mitochondria and synaptic vesicles storing neurotransmitters. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

33. Motor Units 1.A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls make up a motor unit; when stimulated to do so, the muscle fibers of the motor unit contract all at once. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

34. Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Depolarization of muscle causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca 2+

35. Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Ca 2+ exposes binding sites on actin Myosin heads bind to actin Cross bridges form

37. Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model Myosin heads lose ADP + P Myosin heads change shape Actin pulled toward center of sarcomere Muscle contracts

38. Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model ATP binds to myosin heads Cross bridges break Muscle relaxes

39. Muscle Contraction Sliding filament model

41. Sliding Filament Model Actin filaments at both ends of sarcomere –One end of each filament attached to a Z-plate at one end of the sarcomere –Other end suspended in sarcoplasm Myosin filaments suspended in between Z-plates –Myosin filaments contain cross-bridges which pull the actin filaments inward –Causes Z-plates to move toward each other –Shortens sarcomere –Sarcomeres stacked together in series and cause myofiber to shorten Working muscles require ATP –Myosin breaks down ATP –Sustained exercise Requires cellular respiration Regenerates ATP

42. Cells alive muscle clip

43. Respiratory system

44. Lungs

45. Lungs: internal

46. Inhaling and exhaling- again with the physics and chemistry

47. Boyle’s law and breathing Volume and pressure are inversely proportional – mark this with arrows in your notes! See the balloon model ADAM

48. Partial pressures and the unloading and loading of respiratory gases Gases (like all molecules) will move from an area of high partial pressure to lower partial pressure

50. Focus on Oxygen Hemoglobin – found in RBCs

51. Oxygen Hemoglobin (contains iron) and binds up to 4 molecules of oxygen Affinity changes as oxygen molecules bind or release, –One oxygen attaching causes hemoglobin to have a greater affinity for even more oxygen – how? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin#Binding _of_ligandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin#Binding _of_ligands –An oxygen released causes hemoglobin to release even more

52. pH levels affect hemoglobin affinity for oxygen also when CO2 levels are high, this causes blood pH to lower and a greater release of oxygen CO2 + H2O  ---  HCO3- + H+

53. Oxygen Disassociation Curves

55. Carbon dioxide focus: tissue to blood STEPS:

56. Carbon dioxide: blood to lungs STEPS:

57. Explain this

58. Metabolic Pool: Catabolism (1) Foods: –Sources of energy rich molecules –Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Catabolism (breakdown side of metabolism) Breakdown products enter into respiratory pathways as intermediates –Carbohydrates Converted into glucose Processed as above

59. The Metabolic Pool Concept

60. Metabolic Pool: Catabolism (2) Breakdown products enter into respiratory pathways as intermediates (cont.) –Proteins Broken into amino acids (AAs) Some AAs used to make other proteins Excess AAs deaminated (NH 2 removed) in liver –Results in poisonous ammonia (NH 3 ) –Quickly converted to urea Different R-groups from AAs processed differently Fragments enter respiratory pathways at many different points

61. Metabolic Pool: Anabolism (1) All metabolic reactions part of metabolic pool Intermediates from respiratory pathways can be used for anabolism Anabolism (build-up side of metabolism): –Carbs: Start with acetyl-CoA Basically reverses glycolysis (but different pathway) –Fats G3P converted to glycerol Acetyls connected in pairs to form fatty acids Note – dietary carbohydrate RARELY converted to fat in humans!

62. Metabolic Pool: Anabolism (2) Anabolism (cont.): –Proteins: Made up of combinations of 20 different amino acids Some amino acids (11) can be synthesized from respiratory intermediates –organic acids in citric acid cycle can make amino acids –Add NH 2 – transamination However, other amino acids (9) cannot be synthesized by humans –Essential amino acids –Must be present in diet or die

63. Review Glycolysis Transition Reaction Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport System Fermentation Metabolic Pool –Catabolism –Anabolism