1. 3.1.3 – Making informed decisions; Cultural and social factors Learning objectives To understand why there has been an increase in leisure time. To be able to describe sports centre target groups and the provisions set up for them. To explain the term ‘etiquette’ and provide examples in sport. To understand the importance of rules and the officials role. To describe the influences on participation in sport.

2. The amount of leisure time available to people has increased due to a number of reasons. Extra leisure time has created a demand for more facilities and more opportunities. Leisure Time TASK: Discuss the reasons for individuals having more free time.

3. People are encouraged to plan for retirement earlier. Subscribing to a pension plan will mean once the individual hits retirement age they can be finically sound and dedicate free time to leisure activities. Leisure Time

4. Local authority sports centres aim to make as many exercise session available to different target groups. This include: Mother and toddler Schools Exercise sessions for the elderly Beginner classes Providers and Users QUESTION: Why would a sports centre target each of these groups? Are there any other groups?

5. Other target groups The YOUNG: Starting sport early allows children to learn skills at an early age. The chances of having a elite athlete may be increased. WOMEN: Having women only classes might increase the uptake of activities that they might not otherwise pursue. DISABLED: Having adapted facilities and catered sessions will enable the disabled to participate. SOCIAL ECONOMIC BACKGROUND: less affluent people should be have access to exercise sessions. Providers and Users

6. Etiquette in sport What is etiquette? An unwritten code of behaviour that a player stands by when competing. Each sport has its own code of behaviour and ‘sportsmanship gestures’. EXAMPLES?

7. There are places or times in a game situation or competition when etiquette is expected to take place. Providers and Users After an injury in football: The ball is kicked out after an injury occurs to a player. The ball is then thrown back. Respect in rugby: After a match both teams form a ‘tunnel’ and clap each other off.

8. After a defeat: Even after loosing a match player should shake hands and show mutual respect. With success: Even as a winning team players should be gracious. Shaking hands is an offer of commiseration. Conduct of players and Officials: At all times player and referees are expected to control their behaviour. (language and manner of play while competing)

9. RULES:..... Brainstorm Why do we have rules?

10. The rules of the game The rules of each sport depend on a number of factors, including the level of contact and the equipment used. Think of how the rules in the following sports help to protect participants. 1.Football 2.Boxing

11. Officials make sure that rules are kept and discipline players when necessary. What are some of the consequences of rule breaking?

12. Influential People Peers: peers are individuals of the same age. (your friends) These people can influence what sport you take up. ‘Peer pressure’ can lead you to an activity and is easier than going alone to a club. Think, is this true with you?

13. Social groupings – Influences on participation Family: Parents and other family members have a big influence on a child participation of sport. Think, is this true with you and your sporting choice? A child can be introduce to an activity at an early age by their family and will usually receive financial support to continue it. (costs many include kit, subscription and travel costs). Many different people can influence us greatly on the participation of a physical activity. Here are some groups:

14. Women and elite level sport Women’ s opportunities at elite level are growing all the time. With an increase in the women’s sport profile, sponsorship and financial gain is becoming more readily available. Which women’s sports have seen an increase in coverage?

15. Women and elite level sport Women’s football association – Arsenal LADIES success Women’s Rugby Women’s athletics Women’s tennis

16. Females have more opportunities in terms of: 1.More females participate in sport 2.Greater variety of sports available and recognised 3.More clubs, competitions and organisations 4.Better media coverage and therefore emerging role models 5.More women’s success has lead to commercialisation deals.

17. Ethnicity and participation Many ethnic groups participate in sport but an awareness of cultural and traditions are important. For example: -Dress codes -Codes of behaviour -Some cultures views of women

18. Do certain ethnic groups have a genetic advantage?

19. Some facts: Of the 32 finalists in the 100m in the last 4 Olympics, all were of West African origin. The fastest 200 times recorded for 100m are shared by athletes of African decent

20. Nature vs Nurture Are great athletes born or made? Discuss

21. Genetic advantage? There is evidence to suggest that black people are successful in American football, athletics and basketball. They do not appear to do well in swimming, tennis, cycling. Theories for black athletes success: They have more fast twitch fibres Have higher testosterone Higher density bones (limits swimming potential) HOWEVER, as yet no research has isolated a gene for advanced athletic performance!!!

22. Summary Questions: Describe the nature vs nurture debate. How has women’s sport grown and what are the positive and negative of its increase? How can you family effect your sport participation? What are the officials duties when in control of a game?