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All of the following processes occur within mitochondria except: A) the splitting of glucose. B) the formation of citric acid. C) the catabolism of citric acid to produce NADH, CO2, and H +. D) the transfer of electrons from NADH to the electron transport chain. E) the reduction of oxygen to form water.
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In gylcolysis, a small amount of ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation. A) True B) False
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T F Phosphorylation of ADP in the electron transport chain is powered by the movement of electrons through an ATP-synthase molecule.
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Outline I.What is DNA? II.How does DNA code for proteins? III.Human Genome Project
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The plans for all proteins are encoded This plan is called DNA
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DNA Function Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) serves as code for protein synthesis
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DNA Function Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) serves as code for protein synthesis Gene – segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide Genome - all the genes of one person
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The Structure of DNA DNA is a polymer of __________ ____________ consist of: –sugar –phosphate group –nitrogenous base
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Nitrogenous Bases of DNA Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
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Nitrogenous Bases of DNA Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) DNA has roughly equal quantities of A & T, and equal quantities of C & G
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Watson & Crick revealed the structure of DNA.
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What Does your DNA Look Like?
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DNA Structure DNA is a Double Helix Free Railed Spiral Staircase 1 2
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DNA Structure DNA is a Double Helix Free Railed Spiral Staircase Phosphate-sugar handrails Nitrogenous Base Pair steps 1 2
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The Double Helix
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Complementary Base Pairing Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds Sugar-phosphate backbone
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Complementary Base Pairing Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds Only certain bases can bond (A—T and C—G) Sugar-phosphate backbone
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Complementary Base Pairing Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds Only certain bases can bond (A—T and C—G) One strand determines base sequence of other strand Sugar-phosphate backbone
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It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material. - Watson & Crick, 1953, Nature
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Structure of DNA What is a gene? –Short segment of DNA ~ 30,000 genes in your DNA –Each gene codes for 1 protein
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Structure of DNA Total length of 3 meters Three meters long?! But how does it all fit in such a tiny cell?
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Condensed vs Uncondensed DNA 5 Steps
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Packaging of DNA 1. DNA Almost never like this
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Packaging of DNA 1. DNA Almost never like this 2. Chromatin Almost always like this Proteins
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3. Chromatin coils
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3. Chromatin Coils 4. Super-coiling
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3. Chromatin Coiling 4. Super-coiling 5. Chromosome “Colored Body” Chromatid
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Super-Coiling Chain Demonstration
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The DNA Code Every 3 bases = codon Codons: –Interact with Ribosome –Bring Amino Acid X –__________ order determines protein function
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1953 Watson & Crick reveal structure of DNA 1975 Developed method of sequencing DNA 1985 US Department of Energy explored the possibility of learning the human genome 1990 Mapping of human genome begins Discovering The Human Genome 1998 Celera Genomics vows to discover entire genome within 3 years! Craig Venter
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Nerds in Competition VS NIHCelera Genomics
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1953 Watson & Crick reveal structure of DNA 1975 Developed method of sequencing DNA 1985 US Department of Energy explored the possibility of learning the human genome 1990 Mapping of human genome begins Discovering The Human Genome 1998 Celera Genomics vows to discover entire genome within 3 years! 2000 Teams publish joint rough draft of Human Genome Craig Venter
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Our Genome Revealed to the World Oh yeah, I am going to be sooo rich. Mr. President, that man is an idiot! Who’s that gorgeous lady sitting next to Hillary? Left to Right: Craig Venter, President Bill Clinton, Francis Collins
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What have we learned already? Genes are scattered through the genome and surrounded by regions of “Junk DNA”
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What have we learned already? Genes are scattered through the genome and surrounded by regions of “Junk DNA” Coding regions are rich in _____ pairs while junk DNA is rich in _____ pairs
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What have we learned already? Genes are concentrated in random areas throughout the genome; these areas are surrounded by vast regions of “Junk DNA” Coding regions are rich in _____ pairs while junk DNA is rich in _____ pairs Up to 30,000 G-C pairs bound the edges of coding regions, separating them from junk DNA
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What is on the horizon? Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at birth
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What is on the horizon? Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at birth Cure illnesses through Gene Therapy
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What is Gene Therapy? 1. Take Cells
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What is Gene Therapy? 1. Take Cells Virus 2. Insert Gene
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What is Gene Therapy? 1. Take Cells Virus 2. Insert Gene 3. Insert Virus
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What is Gene Therapy? 1. Take Cells Virus 2. Insert Gene 3. Insert Virus 4. Gene Inserted
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What is Gene Therapy? 1. Take Cells Virus 2. Insert Gene 3. Insert Virus 4. Gene Inserted 5. Insert Cells 6. Synthesis
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What is on the horizon? Identify risk for genetically-based diseases at birth Cure illnesses through gene therapy Genetically-based prescription drug reaction testing
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Pharmacogenetics
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