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Published byPeter Oliver Modified over 9 years ago
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1914-1918
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Conventional View 1. Nationalism – Devotion to one’s nation Created a competition among the great powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy and France) 2. Imperialism Search for raw materials and new markets Competition between nations brought them to the brink of war
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Bismarck wanted a war in order to complete German unification. Why? Germany defeats France Peace agreement places huge payments on France Loss of Alsace-Lorraine (German Speaking) Creates a huge hatred a between France and Germany
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In order to preserve German power -Isolate France The Triple Alliance (1882) Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary Bismarck made an alliance with Russia but when the emperor of Germany Wilhelm II dismissed Bismarck he let alliance treaty with Russia lapse France seized opportunity and formed an alliance with Russia
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Militarism- Led to an Arms race Wilhelm II wanted to build a modern navy equal to that of Great Britain. By 1914 European powers had large standing armies Stressed the ability to mobilize quickly in case of war.
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In response to Germany’s desire to build a navy Great Britain does not want power challenged so joined the alliance with France and Russia – Triple Entente
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As the Ottoman Empire collapsed the Balkan region inflamed in nationalist uprisings. Emergence of new nations Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia. Serbia had a mostly Slavic population wanted to include all Slavs in its borders. 1980 Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina (mainly Slavic populations) Tensions between Austria and Bosnia
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Archduke Ferdinand of Austria paid a visit to Sarajevo the capital of Bosnia Assassinated by Gavrilo Princip Black Hand – A Serbian nationalist terrorist group. With the goal of ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule.
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Since Princip was Serbian the Austrians used the assassination as an excuse to punish Serbia. Austria gave Serbia a list of demands The Serbian government had 48 hours in which to agree Serbia agreed to all of them except one: That Austria could send investigators into Serbia to investigate assassination. Serbian government saw this as an attack in its sovereignty.
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To what extent did each cause significantly lead to war? Imperialism- Militarism- Nationalism – Alliance system-
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Alliance system kicks into Gear Austria declares war on Serbia Russia is Serbia’s ally Russia began mobilization of forces towards Austrian border. Germany viewed the Russian mobilization as an act of war and declared war on Russia and France. Great Britain Declares war on Germany
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Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Allies Great Britain France Russia (leaves war 1917) Japan Italians (leave Triple alliance wait and see attitude) US enters 1917
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The Big Four- leaders that designed the Versailles Treaty -peace agreement to end WWI Woodrow Wilson - USA Georges Clemenceau - France David Lloyd George – GB Vittorio Orlando – Italy US did not want a punishing agreement; Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and strip it of its war-making capabilities.
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Called for; End of secret treaties Freedom of the seas Free Trade Reduced navies and armies Adjustment to colonial claims to the benefit of those who were colonized
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Changing borders and the creation of new nations in Europe. Based on self-determination - Allowing people to decide for themselves under what kind of government they wished to live. League of Nations – an international body to negotiate peacefully solutions to world conflicts.
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How did Wilson’s vision address and attempt to remedy the causes of WWI?
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War Guilt Clause – Pay huge reparations to the Allies $33 Billion Germany had to return Alsace-Lorraine to the French Limits the size of German army; prohibited making of weapons Stripped of all colonies (became mandates of the League of nations) Formation of the League of Nations
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The break up of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. New nations- Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The Break up of the Ottoman Empire British Mandates – Iraq, Palestine, Transjordan French Mandates – Syria and Lebanon
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Germans felt unduly punished for the war. Humiliated as a nation. Africa and Asian nations were embittered because Allies disregarded their desire for independence. The mandate system continued Western imperialism. Japan and Italy gained less territory than they desired.
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New level of destruction and death on both a global and never before seen scale. Fall of four empires; German; Ottoman; Austria-Hungary; Russian. Huge war debt and severely weakened economies. Peace Agreement that leads to war.
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