1. Peak Oil and Climate Change 1999 - ~$10/b 2008 - ~$147/b James W. Murray School of Oceanography University of Washington IEA World Energy Outlook - Nov 2008 “The world’s energy system is at a crossroads. Current global trends in energy supply and consumption are patently unsustainable.” with special acknowledgement to David Rutledge (Cal Tech) AGU-Joint Assembly Toronto 26 May 2009 Conclusion We know enough to see that Resource limitation Needs to be an IPCC scenario

2. Outline The 4 th UN IPCC Assessment Report SRES Scenarios Oil Reserves Hubbert’s peak –The history of US oil production –How much oil and gas will the world produce? The Coal Question Discussion –Future carbon-dioxide levels –Conclusions

3. 3 Oil Production in the IPCC Scenarios Gb = billions of barrels 1 barrel = 42 gallons = 159 liters In 13 scenarios, oil production is still rising in 2100 In none of the scenarios did oil production decrease because of resource limitation. None consider Peak Oil! Oil production is never going to be more than today. 28

4. What is Peak Oil? It’s not about Reserves! It’s all about the Production Rate! We are not close to running out of oil

5. OPEC Oil “Proven” Reserves! 430Gb rise in reserves, no adjustment for 193Gb produced since 1980 These questionable reserves are 45% of world oil reserves used by IPCC! A recent leak of Kuwait Petroleum Company documents showed the actual reserves are only 48Gb (official reserves are 102Gb) 1980 Kuwait reserves adjusted for production since then are 55Gb From BP Statistical Review Not proven by anybody! Gb = billions of barrels

6. M. King Hubbert Geophysicist at the Shell lab in Houston In 1956, he presented a paper with predictions for the peak year of US oil production

7. Oil Wells Peak - Oil Fields Peak - Regions Peak - The World will peak Everyone agrees that world oil will peak – controversy on the date A model logistic distribution

8. US Oil Consumption today is about 20 million barrels of oil/day ANWAR will not save us! Typo: Million!

9. Hubbert’s Peak From his 1956 paper Hubbert drew bell-shaped curves by hand, and added up barrels by counting squares For the larger estimate, he predicted a peak in 1970 Hubbert has been much criticized  there is no consideration of supply and demand curves, prices, or policy, and new technologies

10. US Crude-Oil Production Production is bell-shaped, like the curves Hubbert drew Average price after the peak was 2.6 times higher than before 10

11. P/Q = mQ + a Q for which P/Q = 0 is 198 gigabarrels of oil. Also called Q t (maximum cumulative production) Half of this is 99 which occurred in 1973 A model for exponential growth in a finite system The Logistic Curve or Rate Plot Lower 48

12. Another Approach: Cumulative Oil Production EIA data from 1859 Fit for cumulative normal gives the ultimate production and the time for 90% exhaustion 90% exhausted in 2011 225Gb ultimate 31Gb remaining Includes 48 + Alaska USGS/MMS assessment 189Gb

13. Historical Projections for US Oil The power of Hubbert Linearization is that it uses past behavior of a system to indicate possible future performance rather than relying on the overoptimistic opinions of resource “experts” 13 Hubbert McKelvey

15. Maximum Cumulative Production (Q t ) Will Be 2165 Gigabarrels ½ Q t = 1083 Gb

16. Historical Fits for World Oil and Gas Ultimate Cumulative Ultimate Cumulative Production of Oil + Gas = 605 Gtoe Maximum cumulative through 2100 for an IPCC scenario is 2,600 Gtoe 16

17. Who are the experts that IPCC turn to? Energy Information Agency (EIA) - DOE International Energy Agency (IEA) – Paris US Geologocal Survet (USGS) - Washington Their models for future emissions are driven by demand (not supply). EIA, IEA and IPCC assume that supply will meet demand USGS assumes much oil yet to be found The EIA forecasts in 2008 projects a 30% increase in oil production between now and 2030 (from 85 to 97 mb/d) (  = +12 mbd). The hard truth is that increasing energy supply at all will be difficult. To have growth we need to balance decline of exisiting fields with discovery of new oil

18. Existing oil fields are declining at - 6.7% per year (IEA 2008) For 2005 to 2030 the world needs 45 mbd of new production – just to maintain flat production The projected growth requires discovery of 45 + 12 = 57 mbd of new oil! Existing Oil Fields are in Decline 57 ÷ 9 = ~6+ new Saudi Arabias

19. The red box shows the average amount estimated to be discovered by the USGS each year between 1995 and 2025. Urban Legend – we can drill more to get more oil Oil discoveries have been declining since 1964 The world’s oil provinces have been well explored. Future discoveries will be limited to smaller structures and deeper formations

20. What about coal? There are supposed to be hundreds of years of supply of coal! Big 3 Reserves: US (27%) Russia (17%) China (13%) then India, Australia, South Africa Remarkably the data-quality is very poor globally but especially for China and SE Asia and FSU

21. We also have a big problem with coal. The Reserves may not be as large as We’ve been led to believe. "Present estimates of coal reserves are based upon methods that have not been reviewed or revised since their inception in 1974, and much of the input data were compiled in the early 1970s. Only a small fraction of previously estimated reserves are actually minable reserves." from the National Academy of Sciences Report on Coal, June, 2007

22. 22 Mt = millions of metric tons The average price after the peak is 2.4 times higher than before Britain now imports 74% of the coal it burns UK Coal Production

23. Rate Plot for British Coal 23

24. Projections vs Reserves for World Coal UN IPCC scenarios assume 18Tboe is available for production RegionProjection GtReserves Gt Eastern US37 96 Western US w/o Montana33 79 Montana 68 Central and South America 16 China88189 South Asia 68 Australia and New Zealand50 77 Former Soviet Union36226 Europe21 44 Africa16 30 World (at 3.6boe/t)435 (1.6Tboe)903 from D. Rutledge

25. The scenario report SRES (2000) references the 1995 and 1998 WEC surveys Downward trend in proved recoverable reserves The IPCC chose to use additional recoverable reserves and they also chose 1998 (3,368Gt) instead of 1995 (680Gt) — additional recoverable reserves are now 19 times smaller than in 1998 Where Does the IPCC Get Its Coal Numbers? World Energy Council survey Proved recoverable reserves, Gt Additional recoverable reserves, Gt 19921,039702 19951,032680 19989843,368 2001984409 2004909449 2007847180 25

26. Many independent groups are coming to the same conclusion Uppsala – Kjell Aleklett Peak Coal in 2030 (examples follow) http://www.tsl.uu.se/uhdsg/Publications/Coalarticle.pdf Energy Watch Group (EWG-Germany) Peak Coal in 2025 http://www.energywatchgroup.org/files/Coalreport.pdf Institute of Energy (IFE) Kavakov and Peteves (2007) The Future of Coal http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Richard Heinberg Post Carbon Institute (book in progress) http://www.richardheinberg.com/museletter/195

27. Historical fits for Oil, Gas, and Coal Ultimate Production 27 Cumulative coal Half-Way 2019 Reserves BP for oil and gas WEC for coal Cumulative oil, gas, and coal Fits for ultimate Projection Ultimate Production of oil + gas + coal = 938 Gtoe

28. Comparing with the IPCC Scenarios This projection has lower emissions than any of the 40 IPCC scenarios This is still true even with full coal reserves Projection

29. Carbon-Dioxide Levels Simulations with the program MAGICC from Tom Wigley at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder This program was used in the earlier UN IPCC Assessment Reports The program modified to use Rutledge projection for fossil-fuel emissions profiles are business-as-usual for other greenhouse gases Projection 50% Stretch-out for Fossil Fuel Burning 460ppm 440ppm

30. 1) Supply Limitation will be serious Existing scenarios and energy policies are based on emissions - not supply We know enough to see that Resource Limitation needs to be an IPCC Scenario Peak Oil has occurred or will occur soon. Coal Reserves are significantly less than assumed by the IPCC. 2) Coal is thought of as a solution to energy needs – This will be a disaster for climate change without CO 2 sequestration. Is CO 2 sequestration realistic? 3) Energy will pass climate change as the hot button issue We have to get our energy plan in order before we can move forward on climate change 4) Energy Supply will Buffer Economic recovery Recessions correlate with price rise results in energy > 5.7% of GDP See Jeff Rubin (2009) (formerly CIBC) 5) Security Issue: Seven nations control 75% of world’s oil exports. There will be shifts in global power and wealth Conclusions:

32. James Hamilton (UCSD) – Recessions generally correlate with the price of oil. If energy expenditures rise faster than income, then the share of income for other things must decline Oil Expenditures as a % of GDP Energy as a buffer on economic growth

34. Summary Table: IPCC SRES versus Rutledge All values given in Gigabarrels of Oil Equivalents (Gtoe) 1990 Identified Additional Additional Additional Cumulative Resources Recoveries w/TechnologyOccurrences IPCC Oil+Gas 120 + 612 = 732 262 (low) 679 (high) 690 >20,107 (with marine CH 4 hydrates) Coal 124 + 545 = 669 1905 3571 Rutledge Ultimate Cumulative Oil+Gas+Coal = 938 Oil + Gas = 605 (from 938 – 666) Comparable to 732 from above Coal = 333 Comparable to 669 above IPCC values in ZJ, converted to Gtoe using 42 GJ/toe and 0.5 toe/t for coal ZJ = 10 21 J For oil: 7.33 barrels per metric ton

35. CO 2 emission Scenarios From Oil + Gas + Coal These Scenarios drive almost all climate change research

36. MAGICC Simulations for CO2 and Temperature Written by Tom Wigley at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Colorado This program has been used in the IPCC assessments Simulation parameters –IPCC “most likely value” temperature sensitivity: 3  C/2  CO2 concentration (“likely” range is 2.0 to 4.5) –Aslam Khalil’s recent measurements for CH4 equilibrium concentration: 1,750ppb –Tom Wigley’s P50 values (IPCC scenario medians) for other greenhouse gases: deforestation CO2, N2O, NOx, VOCs, SO2, C2F6, HFCs, SF6 –Our projection for CO2 emissions from oil, gas, and coal burning. 36

37. Economists say – as price goes up, more oil will be produced Elasticity has become virtually zero. It’s a market where supply rules. from Kenneth Deffeyes

38. Coal Resources for the IPCC Scenarios (Tboe), from Nakicenovic Rutledge projection IPCC Maximum scenario use to 2100 IPCC Reserves Identified Recoverable with technological progress 1.3 (at 3.6boe/t) 12 20004.014 WEC Proved Recoverable Reserves Additional Recoverable Reserves 19984.013 20014.01.4 20043.71.5 20073.40.7 IPCC scenario coal resources are based on WEC survey categories IPCC resources have not been adjusted for the new WEC surveys 38

39. Important Reading that will change your outlook Matt Simmons (2005) Twilight in the Desert James Kunstler (2005) The Long Emergency Jeff Rubin (2009) Why the World is About to get a Whole Lot Smaller: Oil and The End of Globalization Important web-site www.theoildrum.com

40. “ We are all extraordinary skeptical of the "peak oil" stuff. We know of no reliable information that suggests that we're going to be running significantly short of any fossil fuel in this century…It certainly won't happen with any significant price on carbon.” “We've done a few 300-year scenarios that have some shortages in them, but even that may not be realistic. This is especially so with coal!” “The Chinese say they have enough coal for centuries…The idea that we're only going to reach 450 ppm is not defensible, especially when we're already around 385 ppm. Do we really think there is only another 60 years of fossil fuel left? I don't think so.” PNNL Climate Modelers …but, see my figures!

41. “The scenarios are intended to exclude catastrophic futures that involve large scale environmental or economic collapses. In such scenarios GHG emissions might be low because of negative economic growth, but it seems unlikely they would receive much attention in the light of more immediate problems. Hence, this report does not analyze such futures.” IPCC Mad Max Excluded

42. Nested Assumptions Energy scarcity is a myth Fossil Fuels are superabundant No reason to hoard or fight over them Globally traded from haves to have-nots Coal can be converted to anything Fuel will remain cheap for a century

43. Supply versus Demand on International Market See: www.gasbuddy.com What controls the price of oil? Backwardation – during price increase Contango – is not a place in Chile! Tanker Storage Possible Driver of a Future Price Crash