1. Objectives: Students will be able to explain how changes in human societies have changed the demands for energy and describe the structure of organic fuels.

2. Forms of Energy  Heat  Light  Electricity  Mechanical  Chemical  Nuclear  All meet the needs of people on Earth

3. Law of Physics  Energy cannot be created nor destroyed  It can, however, be changed from one form to another  The storage, transfer, and conversion of energy are the driving forces behind all life on Earth

4. Fuel  What is fuel? Is any substance from which energy can be obtained

5. Electricity  Much of the energy needed by today’s society is used to generate electricity.  Electricity is not a form of energy commonly found in nature except for lightning.  Conversion of energy from one form to another is never 100% efficient.  Some is lost during the conversion usually in the form of heat, light, or both.

6. Changing Energy Needs  Energy needs of most nations of the world change over time  History of Energy: Hunter-gatherer-very little need, only for light, heat, and cooking, wood meet these needs Agricultural Societies- domesticated animals became the power sources

7. Changing Energy Needs  Industrial Revolution- growing populations, animals were overtaken by machines  Factories-as populations grew the needs for energy increased

8. Fuels from Organisms  Organic Fuels Fuels made from organisms Contain carbon-based molecules that were formed by living things Also contain Hydrogen  Hydrocarbon A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen Examples: ○ Methane (CH 4 ) ○ Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) ○ Octane (C 8 H 18 )

9. Impurities  Organic fuels contain more than hydrocarbons Sulfur Lead Typically improve the ability of fuel to provide usable energy Downfall is that they lead to the pollution released when fuels burn

10. Fossil Fuels  Original energy is provided by sun and converted to stored chemical energy in plants  Passed on to animals who eat plants  When plants and animals die, energy stored in cells remains  Energy stored in organisms who died millions of years ago is used as fuel today.

11. Fossil Fuels  Fuels derived from the remains of organisms that lived long ago  Three kinds Coal Petroleum Natural Gas

12. Quiz  What is a fuel?  How can you recognize a hydrocarbon from its molecular structure?  Make a list of four activities in your daily life that can be accomplished with or without tools that require energy. Example: You can open a can manually or you can use an electric can opener.

13. Objectives: Students will be able to list the stages of coal formation and describe the characteristics of each stage. Students will also be able to locate the major coal deposites on a map of the U.S.

14. Intro to Coal  After years and years of plants dying and layers and layers of sediments piling up, heat and pressure produced by the weight of the sediments caused chemical changes to occur within the plant matter.  At the same time, water was forced out causing the plant material to form into solid rock called coal.

15. Coal Formation  Occurs in stages, each with distinct physical and chemical properties  PEAT Compacted mass of twigs, leaves, and branches Is a brittle, brown plant material containing a great deal of water and a low percentage of carbon Not a form of coal, but is first stage in coal formation Resembles wood and is located near surface of earth Burns quickly Gives off large amounts of smoke because of high percentage of water and impurities.

16. Lignite  2 nd Stage  Heat and pressure compress PEAT changing it to LIGNITE  Is a soft, brown coal composed of about 40% carbon.  Burns quickly and give off very little smoke  Located below Earth’s surface and must be mined.

17. Bituminous Coal  3 rd stage  Heat and pressure change LIGNITE into a purer form called BITUMINOUS Coal  Is a soft coal located deep in Earth’s Crust  Deep shafts are used to take miners down into ground to remove coal  Most abundant type of coal mined in U.S.  Has less water and fewer impurities  Higher carbon content and burns hotter and with less smoke  Main fuel used in industry and is used by many power plants to produce electricity  Many homes use BITUMINOUS Coal

18. Anthracite Coal  4 th Stage  Extreme pressure and heat change the sedimentary bituminous coal into a metamorphic rock called anthracite coal or hard coal  Shiny black color and is located deeper into Earth than any other form of coal  Has less water and fewer impurities  Burns the hottest  Highest carbon content  Clean burning and almost smokeless (considered best form of coal)  Most often used to heat homes  Less abundant because of location making it most expensive.

20. Diamonds  Coal that is subject to extreme increase in heat and pressure turns into Diamonds  Mined deep in Earth’s crust  Most diamond mines are found in South Africa  Hardest mineral known  Used for cutting and drilling tools

22. Quiz  What is the most common type of coal in the U.S.?  Why is anthracite coal the most expensive type of coal?  Explain why peat is not considered to be a fossil fuel.

23. Assignment  Many households use more than one kind of fuel to meet their energy needs.  Conduct a survey of five families outside of your classmates to find out what kinds of fuels they use in their homes.  Try to interview families that live in different areas.  Include information in your survey about what energy sources are used for cooking, home heating, and for the heating of hot water.  Graph the results of your survey.

24. States of Matter  Fossil Fuels take all forms Coal is solid Petroleum is liquid Natural Gas is Gas

25. Petroleum  AKA Crude Oil  Formed from the remains of plankton and other organisms living in the shallow seas  Forms the same way coal does in that sediments build up and up causing more pressure and heat  Seeped in to pores and cracks of sedimentary rock

26. Petroleum Cont.  When petroleum became covered by nonporous rock it became trapped below surface  Water and Natural Gas also collected in these pools  When a well is drilled into the ground the oil shoots upward due to the pressure is under forming a gusher.  Must be pumped when no/limited pressure exists.

29. Petroleum  One of worlds most important resources  Must be separated (refined) after its drilled to make a variety of products

30. Petroleum Products  Gasoline and Jet Fuels  Diesel Fuel used by trucks, ships, and trains  Fuel Oil used to heat homes and produce electricity  Grease and other lubricants  Asphalt  Nylon and polyester  Plastics

32. Petroleum  Takes too many years to forms so it’s a nonrenewable resource  As population increases so does petroleum demand  Industrialized nations are becoming more and more dependent on petroleum to meet the energy needs of it’s people.

33. Natural Gas  Mixture of methane, ethane, propane, and small amts. of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and helium  Burns cleaner than coal or petroleum  Because it doesn’t have to be converted to electricity first, it’s more energy efficient and less expensive to use.

34. Natural Gas  Common household appliances that use NG Stoves Water heaters Clothes dryers  Forms the same way Petroleum does  Sometimes viewed as a waste or by- product of petroleum

35. Quiz  List five different products made from petroleum. Include fuels and other products in your list.  Why is using natural gas as a fuel for cooking more efficient than using electicity.  Compare and Contrast the formation of petroleum and the formation of coal. A vendiagram works best to do this.

36. Problems with fossil fuels  Two types of problems Availability ○ Fuels aren’t renewable ○ All coal, NG, and Petroleum available to humans is already formed Pollution ○ Wherever exploration for new resources is done the risk of environmental damage is greatly increased. ○ Oil Spills ○ Widespread habitat alteration

37. Problems Cont.  Pollution Using fossil fuels caused air pollution ○ Increase in amt. of CO2 in the air Could raise temperature and aid in global warming is the fear  Dangerous to obtain Extremely combustible Miners becoming trapped and suffocate ○ Breathe in coal dust