1. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Out of Many A History of the American People Seventh Edition Chapter Conquest and Survival The Trans-Mississippi West 1860-1900 18

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Conquest and Survival The Trans-Mississippi West 1860-1900 Indian Peoples Under Siege The Internal Empire The Open Range Farming Communities on the Plains The World’s Breadbasket The Western Landscape The Transformation of Indian Societies Conclusion

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage General William T. Sherman and the Peace Commission negotiate the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty during the Great Sioux War.

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chapter Focus Questions What was the impact of U.S. western expansion on Indian societies? In what ways was the post-Civil War West an “internal empire,” and how did its development depend on the emergence of new technologies and new industries?

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d) How can the history of the American West be told as the creation of new communities and the displacement of old communities? How did agribusiness differ from forms of family farming? What place did the West hold in the national imagination?

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage North America and Oklahoma

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 18.1 Oklahoma Territory

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Oklahoma Land Rush Thousands participated. Land promised to Indians who had been forcibly relocated in the 1830s was first opened to white settlement in 1889. In a little over two months settlers filed 6,000 homestead claims. The land rush symbolized the movement toward white settlement and the reconstruction of the West.

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Oklahoma Land Rush (cont'd) This transformation came at the expense of Indian peoples.

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Indian Peoples Under Siege

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage the Battle of Sand Creek

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Indian Territory Indians occupied the plains for more than 20,000 years. The Europeans brought disease and the need for Indians to adapt to European ways.

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Indian Territory (cont'd) Surviving tribes adapted:  The Plains Indians adapted, using horses and firearms.  Some tribes learned English and converted to Christianity.

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Indian Territory (cont'd) Legally, tribes were supposed to be regarded as autonomous nations residing within American boundaries.  Treaties were negotiated but force was often used instead.

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 18.2 Major Indian Battles and Indian Reservations, 1860–1900

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Reservation Policy and the Slaughter of the Buffalo The federal government had pressured Indian tribes to migrate West into a permanent Indian Territory.  Whites’ desire for western land led the federal government to pressure western Indians to move to reservations.

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Reservation Policy and the Slaughter of the Buffalo (cont’d) The tribes that moved to reservations found federal policies were inadequate for their needs. Nomadic tribes found their freedom curtailed and their buffalo destroyed both by the railroad and white hunting. Diseases such as smallpox ravaged weakened Indian populations.

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Kiowa Preparing for a War Expedition, ca. 1887.

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Indian Wars 1860s War: against Cheyenne (Colorado)  Sand Creek Massacre. 1868: Fort Laramie Treaty  granted the Black Hills to the Sioux -The discovery of gold brought prospectors to the hills. -The Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho aligned to protect the Black Hills, wiping out Custer’s regiment before being defeated by the army. Red River War of 1874–1875

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Indian Wars (cont'd) Under the leadership of Geronimo, the Apaches gained a reputation as intrepid warriors.

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Nez Perces Tribes like the Nez Perce, who tried to cooperate with whites, were betrayed. Promised Oregon, the Nez Perce were sent to a disease-ridden land in Kansas. After violence broke out over Indian mistreatment, Chief Joseph led his people on a long march toward Canada.

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Nez Perces (cont'd) Defeated in northern Montana, the Nez Perces surrendered and were forced onto a reservation in Washington.

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Internal Empire

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Map 18.3 Railroad Routes, Cattle Trails, Gold and Silver Rushes, 1860–1900

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Internal Empire The settlement of the West was one of the largest human migrations in history Settlers found themselves subjects of an “internal empire” controlled from the East. Older populations were pushed aside by white expansion.

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage “Stampeders,”

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mining Towns Mining fostered western expansion. Gold discoveries brought thousands of fortune seekers. Most fortunes went to corporations that bought out the smaller claims. Although some mine communities eventually became permanent settlements, most were short-lived boomtowns.

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mining Towns (cont’d) The western labor movement emerged in this rough and often violent climate. Unions refused membership to Chinese, Mexican, African American and Indian workers. Unions were unable to stop owners from closing down mines when the ore ran out, leaving empty towns and environmental blight.

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 18.4 Mormon Cultural Diffusion, ca. 1883

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mormon Settlements Mormons migrated to the Great Basin in Utah beginning in 1846. They shared land and water as they built agricultural communities. The federal government assumed control of the Utah territory. Disputes over polygamy delayed Utah statehood until 1896.

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mormon Settlements (cont'd) Mormon society soon resembled the individualist East the original settlers had sought to escape.

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mexican Borderland Communities The Southwest saw a series of clashes between Anglos and Mexicanos over control of the land. Some Mexicano elites continued to maintain wealth and power. The majority of Mexicans found themselves trapped in poverty and turned to migratory work or moved to urban areas to work for wages.

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mexican Borderland Communities (cont’d) Mexicanos maintained key elements of their traditional culture. In the 1890s, Las Gorras Blancas arose as agrarian rebels in the Southwest. New immigration from Mexico reinforced traditional culture.

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Mexican Americans in San Antonio continued to conduct their traditional market bazaar well after the incorporation of this region into the United States.

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Open Range

36. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Legendary Cowboy: Nat Love, Deadwood Dick

37. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Open Range The destruction of buffalo opened the path for the western cattle industry. After the Civil War, entrepreneurs like Joseph McCoy began driving longhorn cattle from Texas to the Kansas railroad towns for shipment East

38. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Long Drives Cowboys rounded up herds for $30 a month (at best) and lived under harsh circumstances, stimulating efforts to unionize.  Workday lasted from sunup to sundown with night shifts to watch the cattle.  There was no protection from the elements.  Poor diet often led to disease.  The drive could be as far as 1,500 miles.

39. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Long Drives (cont’d) One-fifth to one-third of cowboys were Indian, Mexican, or African American. Few women worked on the open range. Elizabeth Collins, the “Cattle Queen of Montana” who took over her husband’s ranch, was a rare exception.

40. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Sporting Life Cattle towns and mining camps offered saloons, bars and dance halls where cowboys could spend their pay and blow off steam. Prostitution served as the largest source of income outside the home for women.  There were few jobs for women and many resorted to prostitution simply to pay the bills.

41. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Sporting Life (cont'd) Their life was quite harsh and seldom paid well.

42. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage As early as 1879, the local newspaper described Leadville, Colorado, as a town that never sleeps

43. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Frontier Violence and Racism Personal violence commonplace Horse theft and cattle rustling rose rapidly 1870s: Range wars turned violent when farmers, sheep ranchers, and cattle ranchers battled over the same land. Mid-1880s: cattle business went bust  Overstocking  Bad weather

44. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Farming Communities on the Plains

45. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage “Soddies”

46. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Farming Communities on the Plains Easterners struggled to adapt to the Plains, with few trees and limited water. Improvements in technology and transportation were vital to the growth of the West.

47. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage “Thirty-three horse team harvester”

48. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Homestead Act 160 acres were given to any settler who lived on the land for at least 5 years and improved it.  Homesteaders had their greatest success in the central and upper Midwest where the soil was rich and the weather was relatively moderate.

49. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Homestead Act (cont.) This act sparked the largest migration in U.S. history but only 10 percent of all farmers got their start under its terms (most farmers bought their land outright) and nearly half the homesteaders lost their claim. Railroad and land speculators profited from selling off cheaply bought or free land.

50. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Populating the Plains Railroads held great power in developing and settling the West.  Railroads delivered crops and cattle to eastern markets and brought back goods. Railroads put communities “on the map.”  Railroads in the West preceded settlement.  Professional promoters were sent to Europe and throughout the United States to recruit settlers.

51. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Populating the Plains (cont’d) Immigrants formed tight-knit communities.  Many groups retained their native languages and customs.  Tight social hierarchies, religion and ethnic habits persisted for generations in these communities.

52. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Work, Dawn to Dusk Farm families survived and prospered through hard work.  Men’s work tended to be seasonal.  Women’s activities were usually more routine.  Children worked running errands and completing chores by about age nine.

53. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Work, Dawn to Dusk (cont'd) Community was an important part of life.  People depended on neighbors for help in times of need and for a break from the hard work and harsh climate.

54. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Work, Dawn to Dusk (cont'd) The barter system developed due to lack of cash. Many small farms failed, lost to low incomes, debt and foreclosure.

55. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The World’s Breadbasket

56. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Workers tending strawberry fields in the great agricultural valley of northern California.

57. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage New Production Technologies Cultivation a difficult process because of tough sod New technologies  plows, reapers, threshers -increased amount of farm land Through federal aid, land-grant colleges, and other sources of scientific research, farmers developed new techniques for cultivation.

58. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage New Production Technologies (cont'd) Weather and plagues of locusts continued to challenge Plains farming.

59. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage TABLE 18.1 Machine Labor on the Farm, ca. 1880

60. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage California Agribusiness Larger farms which produced for global markets came to dominate the West. California led the way toward large-scale commercial farming that defined agribusiness. By the turn of the century California had become the showcase for heavily capitalized farm factories employing large numbers of tenant and migrant workers.

61. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage California Agribusiness (cont’d) Fruit and vegetable growers manipulated consumer tastes to create new markets for their products. Chinese tenants and farm workers were exploited by white owners.

62. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage MAP 18.5 The Establishment of National Parks and Forests

63. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Toll on the Environment Farmers destroyed existing plant and animal species and introduced new ones. Replacing buffalo with cattle and sheep introduced animals that ate grasses down to the roots and created the possibilities of huge dust storms. Commercial agriculture took a heavy toll on existing water supplies.

64. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Toll on the Environment (cont’d) The federal government created the Forest Service to safeguard watersheds. The Newlands Act and other laws sought to balance agribusiness and the protection of the environment.

65. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Western Landscape

66. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Albert Bierstadt became one of the first artists to capture on enormous canvases the legendary vastness and rugged terrain of western mountains and wilderness

67. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Nature’s Majesty Writers described in great detail the wonder of nature’s majesty in the West. The federal government created national parks in 1872, naming Yellowstone the first. Landscape painters from the Rocky Mountain School and Albert Bierstadt’s photographs piqued the public’s interest in the West.

68. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Nature’s Majesty (cont'd) By 1910, more than a dozen national parks had been created in the West.

69. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Legendary Wild West More popular presentations emphasized the West as a source of “vigorous manhood.” Thousands of “dime novels” appeared that portrayed the region in romantic, heroic terms. Wild West show promoters like “Buffalo Bill” Cody brought the legendary West to millions of people around the world.

70. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Legendary Wild West (cont'd) Frederick Jackson Turner’s 1893 “frontier thesis” reinforced mythic views of the West.

71. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Annie Oakley

72. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The “American Primitive” The West continued to captivate American imagination. The public sought depictions of bold cowboys and exotic savages. Charles Schreyvogel, Charles Russell, and Frederic Remington helped to shape Americans’ perception of the region.

73. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The “American Primitive” (cont’d) Scholars like Lewis Henry Morgan and Alice Cunningham Fletcher studied Indians and began to develop a scientific understanding of their lives. The Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts incorporated a large dose of tribal lore into their character-building programs.

74. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Transformation of Indian Societies

75. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Powell appears alongside Tau-gue, Chief of the Paiutes, overlooking the Virgin River.

76. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Reform Policy and Politics Reformers like Helen Hunt Jackson advocated policies designed to promote Indian assimilation and eradicate distinct tribal customs. Racist assumptions and indifferent government treatment drove Plains culture to the brink of destruction.

77. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Reform Policy and Politics The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was a disaster for most Indians and undermined tribal sovereignty.  Individuals were granted land if they chose to sever from their tribes.  Indian religions and sacred ceremonies were banned along with the telling of Indian myths.  “Indian schools” forbade Indian clothing styles, language, and even hair fashions.

78. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Ghost Dance A Paiute prophet, Wovoka, had a vision that a divine judgment was coming and led the Sioux to practice the Ghost Dance.  White authorities grew fearful and demanded an end to the practice. An incident led whites to gun down 200 people at Wounded Knee.

79. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage The Ghost Dance (cont'd) 400 years after Columbus, the Massacre seemed to signal the final conquest of native peoples.

80. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Endurance and Rejuvenation Those tribes that survived best were those living on land unwanted by whites. A majority of tribes dwindled to the brink of extinction; some even disappeared. The Navajo, Hopi, and northwestern tribes managed to adapt to the new situation or were sufficiently isolated to survive.

81. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Endurance and Rejuvenation (cont'd) It was several generations before a resurgence of Indian sovereignty occurred.

82. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Conclusion

83. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Conquest and Survival: The Trans- Mississippi West: 1860–1900 Oklahoma’s rapid development stands as a microcosm of the 19th-century West. As railroads, mining, cattle and farming “tamed” the region and its challenging environment, white settlers adapted their culture to the frontier.

84. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Conquest and Survival: The Trans- Mississippi West: 1860–1900 (cont'd) Marginalized in national economics and politics, Westerners, along with Southerners, would turn restive by century’s end and demand their fair share of national wealth, challenging the political system.

85. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher Mari Jo Buhle Daniel Czitrom Susan H. Armitage Chronology