1. Chapter 9
MITOSIS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. Read pg 154 “science focus” on the G1 checkpoint Answer on paper with AP questions:
What is the G0 stage? Is it permanent?
What is RB and explain it’s function?
What conditions could prevent a cell form dividing?
What is the function of the p53 protein?

4. checkpoints Describe what each checkpoint is for: a. G1checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. M checkpoint

5. 9.1 The Cell Cycle
**Orderly set of steps between eukaryotic cell divisions Why do Cells Divide? - Growth - Reproduction    (single celled organisms) - Repair

6. Cell Cycle: Control of the Cell Cycle G2 – Gap 2
Cell prepares for mitosis
S – synthesis
DNA is replicated
G1 – Gap 1
Cell growth and performs normal functions
Control of the Cell Cycle 
G1 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is damaged
G2 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is replicated properly
M Checkpoint - spindle assembly checkpoint, check for alignment of chromosomes 

7. Apoptosis - programmed cell death, if any of the checks fail
Control of the Cell Cycle 
G1 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is damaged
G2 Checkpoint - Check to see if DNA is replicated properly
M Checkpoint - spindle assembly checkpoint, check for alignment of chromosomes 
Apoptosis - programmed cell death, if any of the checks fail

8. Control of Cell Cycle Growth Factors: signal cell growth
Cyclin: family of internal signaling proteins that increase or decrease the cell cycle (feedback/ homeostasis)
P53: stop cell at G1 if there is damage
RB: protein responsible for interpreting growth signals and available nutrients
Somatic Cells: body cells
Apoptosis: programed cell death

9. Cyclin: family of internal signaling proteins that increase
Cyclin: family of internal signaling proteins that increase or decrease the cell cycle Cyclin D: increase then decrease over one full cycle Cyclin E: triggers DNA replication (S) Cyclin A: triggers G2 Cyclin B: triggers mitosis

10. What would be the affect of no cyclin E being produced?
What happens if there is a mutation during S?
What would happen if no cyclin D was produced?

11.  9.2 Mitosis & Cytokinesis 
Mitosis - The division of the nucleus that results in identical complete copies of chromosmes packaged into two new nuclei
Cytokinesis - The division of the cytoplasm that results in two daughter cells

12. Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase
IPMAT

14. Interphase:  ”Resting”, normal cell processes
Prophase: Chromosomes visible, spindle forms as centrioles move to opposite poles
Metaphase:  Chromosomes line up along equator
Anaphase:  Chromatids separate into individual chromosomes
Telophase:  Nuclear membrane re-forms on each side, cytokinesis begins = split cytoplasm

16. **In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when a new cell wall forms between the two new cells. **In animal cells, the two new cells pinch and pull apart

18. Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells
The two daughter cells contain the exact same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell
Daughter cells are DIPLOID= 2n= complete set of chromosomes

19. 9.3 The Cell Cycle and Cancer
neoplasm: abnormal growth of cells
benign: non-cancerous
malignant: cancerous
Cancer: cellular growth disorder that results from the mutation of genes that regulate the cell cycle
Cancer cells
lack differentiation
have abnormal nuclei
Mutation cause oncogenes: cancer genes that keep the cell replicating
Inactivate tumor suppressors (p53 and RB)
form tumors
undergo metastasis & angiogenesis 

20. HeLa Cells Article on Henrietta Lacks
A HeLa cell (also Hela or hela cell) is a cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest and most commonly used human cell line.
The line was derived from cervical cancer cells taken from Henrietta Lacks, a patient who eventually died of her cancer on October 4, 1951.

21. Telomeres Shorten as the chromosome replicates
At a certain length, tigers apoptosis
Some cancer cause them to remain at a constant length

22. Binary Fission: asexual reproduction by prokaryotes

23. - stem cells may replicate many times, or proliferate.
unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division
- stem cells may replicate many times, or proliferate.
They have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth.

24. Major types of stem cells
Embryonic Stem Cells
Pluripotent : cell can develop into all cell types
“Immortal”: can self-renew indefinitely
Plentiful (easy to find)
Adult Stem Cells
Multipotent: cell can develop into a few cell types but not all
Located in few organs or may be unidentified
Hard to find

25. QOD: mitosis How many chromosomes do humans have?
What is the purpose of mitosis?
What do single celled organism use mitosis for and what is it called?
Describe what each checkpoint is for:
a. G1checkpoint
b. G2 checkpoint
c. M checkpoint

26. Name the phases starting at the top.

27. Name the phase
Identify X
Identify Y

28. 5. Name the phase

29. 6. Name the phase

30. 10. In humans, each cell (except sex cells) has how many chromosomes
11.  After mitosis, how many daughter cells are produced?  _______
12.  After mitosis (in a human cell), each daughter cell has how many chromosomes? ___
13.  How many phases are in MITOSIS? ___________
14.  Which phase of the cell cycle is the longest?  _________
15.  During which phase does cytokinesis begin?  __________