1. PROTISTS
Chapter

2. 3 groups of Protists:
Animal-like Protists
Plant-like Protists
Fungus-like Protists

3. All are eukaryotes – have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
PROTISTS
All are eukaryotes – have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

4. Endosymbiotic Theory -How Eukaryotes came to be-
Scientists think protists were the first eukaryotes to evolve.
Endosymbiosis refers to one species living within another (the host)
Movement of smaller photosynthetic & heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger prokaryotic host cells
Formed cell organelles
chloroplast
mitochondria

5. Animal-Like Protists “Protozoans”
19 - 2

6. PROTOZOANS
Unicellular – made up of one
cell.
Heterotrophs – they eat other organisms or dead organic matter.
Classified by how they move

7. 4 PHYLA OF PROTOZOANS Ciliophora Sarcodina Apicomplexa Zoomastigina
(Ciliates)
Sarcodina
(Amoeba)
Apicomplexa
(Sporozoa)
Zoomastigina
(Flagellates)

8. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA Ciliates – Use Cilia for movement.
found in fresh and salt water
Draw and label p.548

9. Phylum Cilophora
paramecium

10. Phylum Cilophora

11. Phylum Ciliophora TWO KINDS OF NUCLEI:
Macronucleus – controls daily functions such as feeding, eliminating waste, and maintaining water balance
Micronucleus – used for reproduction

12. Phylum Ciliophora
Reproduce Asexually, but maintain genetic variation through Conjugation: exchange genetic info

13. PHYLUM SARCODINA
Food vacuole
Pseudopods- (“fake feet”) used for feeding and locomotion.
Saltwater and freshwater
Asexual reproduction
Draw the example - amoeba
pseudopods
nucleus

14. Sarcodina 3D

15. Sarcodina
Foraminifera - have a protective shell or TEST, usually made of calcium carbonate
layers of tests can deposit on the ocean floor
these can form limestone and chalk, like the White Cliffs of Dover
Some species of forams are good indicators of oil deposits below

16. Cliffs of Dover

17. It’s Vector: Anopheles Mosquito
PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA
Sporozoans- Form spores at some point in their life cycle.
Lack locomotion
Sexual and Asexual reproduction
Intestinal parasites
Plasmodium (Malaria)
It’s Vector: Anopheles Mosquito

18. Malaria in red blood cells
Phylum Apicomplexa
Malaria in red blood cells

19. Trichomonas vaginalis: an STD
PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA
Flagellates- move using flagella
Free living by absorbing dead or decaying organic matter OR some are parasites
EX:Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites (helps termite digest wood)
Trichomonas vaginalis: an STD

20. Zoomastigina
Tsetse Fly: carries Trypanosoma to humans; in other words, it’s a Vector for African Sleeping Sickness
American Sleeping Sickness (Chagas disease) – carried by reduviid bug

21. Phylum Zoomastigina

22. Plant-Like Protists “Algae”
19 - 3

23. PROTISTS PLANT-LIKE PROTISTS Most perform photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll (green pigment) and possibly secondary pigments
Classified by their pigment color

24. ALGAE Phyla of Algae Diatoms - Bacillariophyta
Dinoflagellates - Pyrrophyta
Euglenoids - Euglenophyta
Yellow/Green algae - Chrysophyta
Brown algae - Phaeophyta
Green algae - Chlorophyta
Red algae - Rhodophyta

25. DIATOMS Phyla of Algae Diatoms- “The Golden Boxes”
Made of chlorophyll (green) & carotenoids (golden-yellow)
Reproduction- sexual and asexual.
Cell wall- made of hard silica (glass)

26. Diatoms
Made of 2 halves: The smaller half fits inside the bigger half, like a box and lid.
Store their food as oil, so they float at the top of the water where they can get sunlight for photosynthesis.

27. Dinoflagellate

28. DINOFLAGELLATES Phyla of Algae Dinoflagellates- “The spinning ones”
2 flagella at right angles to eachother, causes it to spin as it moves.
Mostly found in saltwater.
Can be bioluminescent: Glow

29. Dinoflagellates ALGAL BLOOMS:
In good conditions, will reproduce in GREAT numbers.
Clog fish gills
Die, decompose, and deplete the oxygen supply, suffocating marine life.

30. Dinoflagellates The RED TIDE
Dinoflagellates with red secondary pigments.
Produce a lethal nerve toxin
DON’T EAT THE SHELLFISH… you will die.
Shellfish filter water, eating the dinoflagellates.

31. PROTISTS
RED TIDE

32. EUGLENOIDS Phyla of Algae
Euglenoids- “The survivors” have both plant and animal characteristics.
Use photosynthesis or absorb nutrients from the environment like a heterotroph.

33. Euglenoids
Have an “eye spot” that is sensitive to light.

34. CHRYSOPHYTES Phyla of Algae Chrysophytes- “The Colonists”
Yellow-Brown secondary pigments (carotenoids)
Form colonies- a group of cells that live in close association.

35. Brown Algae Phyla of Algae Brown algae- “The Brown Ones”
Fucoxanthin pigments
Multicellular
Largest algae
Ex: Giant Kelp can grow up to cm a day.

36. Brown Algae Used to make a variety of products
As a thickening agent in puddings, ice cream
Used as food for animals (processed)

37. Brown Algae

38. GREEN ALGAE Phyla of Algae Green algae- “The Green Ones”
Mostly freshwater
Very similar to plant cell walls
Chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll pigments

39. Green Algae
Scientists think the first plants may have evolved from green algae.

40. RED ALGAE Phyla of Algae Red algae- “The Red Ones”
Warm saltwater habitats
Perform photosynthesis
Even at depths of 100 meters!
Red & blue secondary pigments (phycobilins).

41. Red Algae
Seaweed

42. Red Algae
Example: Red moss

43. Fungus-Like Protists
19 - 4

44. FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS FUNGUS-LIKE PROTISTS
(MOLDS and MILDEWS)
Most are small and live in damp/dark places.
Protists that act as decomposers are called molds.
Classified by body form.

45. Fungus-like protists 3 types: Acellular slime molds
Water molds and Downy mildews

46. SLIME MOLDS Use spores to reproduce. Feed on decaying matter.
Absorb nutrients through cell wall.

47. SLIME MOLDS ACELLULAR SLIME MOLDS Phylum Myxomycota “Not Cellular”
Can grow as much as 50 grams and 30cm and be as large as a human hand (one cell!)
Single cell with many nuclei

48. Myxomycota - plasmodium

49. Myxomycota

50. Myxomycota Life Cycle

51. SLIME MOLDS CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS Phylum Acrasiomycota Single cells
Can congregate to form one slug-like organism.
Ex. Dictyostelium

52. Phylum Acrasiomycota
colony & fruiting body
aggregating amoebas

53. Acrasiomycota Life Cycle

54. Oomycota WATER MOLDS and DOWNY MILDEW Decomposers
Surround food source with a mass of threads, break down tissues, and absorb nutrients.
Downy mildew: Irish Potato famine.

55. Oomycota Life Cycle Examples: water molds downy mildews white rusts

56. http://protist. i. hosei. ac

57. Phylum Oomycota potatoes are native to North America
they were introduced to Europe and became a staple of the diet
during the summer of 1846 most of the potato crop was destroyed by Phytophthora (an oomycota)
nearly 1,000,000 Irish people died, and 1,500,000 emigrated to other countries, like the U.S.

58. PROTISTS IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTS ECOLOGICAL ROLES
Provide an essential food base in aquatic food chains
Carry out more than 30-40% of Earth’s photosynthesis
Protozoans help keep the number of bacteria in check