3. MARCUS AURELIUS Parts taken from the emperor Yellow

4. Attic is decorated with 8 rectangular reliefs, between the Dacian captives Commemorate Marcus Aurelius Victory in Germany & Eastern Europe. 4 on Each side.

5. On the north side is: Emperor entering Rome ( ), emperor leaving the city, distrubiting money to the people (donatio) and surrender of a barbarian chief. On the south side: another Barbarian chief surrenders, prisoners are shown being lead to the emperor, and the last two are Marcus Aurelius addressing his troops (oratio), and doing a sacrifice with them. The heads are 18th cent restorations. These reliefs (of him Accepting the surrender Of German prisoners) all show Marcus Aurelius’ virtue of Clementia – forbearance And moderation

7. Hadrian Parts taken from the emperor Blue

8. The roundels 2.36m diameter 4 on each Side. North side: (L-R): a boar hunt, sacrifice to Apollo, Lion hunt, sacrifice to Hercules. South side: (L-R): hunting emperor, sacrifice to Silvanius (Italian nature god), bear hunt, sacrifice to Diana These commemorate the Emperor’s love of hunting & his devotion to the gods. Hunting also represents the quality of virtus – courage, determination, manliness & piety in his sacrifice Hadrian : Blue

13. COnstantine Parts taken from the emperor Green

14. Relief from Constantine period is highlighted

15. Reliefs from constantine’s era Inscriptions over the roundels commemorate the 10 th anniversary of Constantine’s rule in 315AD (this is where the dates for the arch come from)

16. The long narrow frieze below the roundels shows episodes in Constantine’s life West – constantine’s army leaving Milan South – seige of Verona -Battle at Milvian bridge where Maxentius died East – Constantine enters Rome in triumph North – Constantine addresses the people in Roman Forum (Oratio) - Constantine distributes money to them (Donatio) showing his generosity

17. On the east and west sides of the arch (the short sides) are two roundels. West – Moon (Luna) setting East – sun (Sol) rising in a chariot …Both carved in high relief

18. Also from constantine Winged figures of victory in spandrels of central arch Personifications of the 4 seasons beneath figures of victory River gods in spandrels of side arches Pedestals of column bases decorated with Victory, Roman Soliders & Barbarian captives

19. Why use sculpture from other emperors? Taking reliefs from earlier monuments shows an element of nostalgia for Rome’s ‘golden age’of prosperity, wealth, success, military victories and when the Empire was at its height. This is one of the reasons for the choice of the monuments used. It linked Constantine with previous good emperors and their qualities There was possible a decline in skilled sculptors

21. Stylistic features On panels of Trajan there is use of perspective, front figures carved in high relief, and back in low Marcus Aurelius reliefs are very static, formal composition & less figures. This is because they have a symbolic function representing ideas & virtues. Marcus Aurelius is positioned higher so it draws attention to him Hadrian’s roundels are very simple – only a few characters & depth achieved with high & low relief Constantine’s panels do not have the same attention to detail or modelling. The decoration is very flat & shallow

22. Constantine Relief donatio Emperor sitting on a raised platform to emphasis his importance & surrounded by ministers and Advisers, (all dressed in toga contablulata) A lot of movement in their heads. Oratio: Statues Of Marcus Aurelius & Hadrian feature In this relief as background. (Representing Virtue and piety, as these emperors both Had strong reputations for having these qualities)

23. Hippo and arch!!!