1. Hellenistic Civilization 336-31 BCE

4. Which powerful monarchy ultimately united the Greeks around 338 BCE? A.Rome B.Persia C.Egypt D.Macedon

7. Mediterranean Basin c. 350 BCE

9. Conquests of Alexander the Great

10. Achilles

11. Alexander and Darius at Issus

13. Conquests of Alexander the Great

14. The Hellenistic Kingdoms 323-30 BCE

15. Alexandria founded 331 BCE

17. Hanging Gardens of Babylon

18. Reconstruction (in Istanbul) of Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

20. Women in Hellenistic Society

21. Euclid 323-283 BCE

22. Aristarchus of Samos 310-230 BCE Heliocentric model of universe Incorrectly measured distance to the sun using mathematics and geometry

23. Eratosthenes Geographer Astronomer

24. Eratosthenes Map

26. Tropic of Cancer – 500 miles from Alexandria

27. The angle of the shadow at Alexandria at Summer solstice was 1/50 th of a circle

28. Archimedes of Syracuse 287-212 BCE

29. Archimedes Heat Ray

30. Epicurus 341-270 BCE Materialist but not really a hedonist

31. Zeno of Citium 334-262 Founder of Stoicism

32. Marcus Aurelius Stoic Philosopher & Roman Emperor 121-180 CE

33. Septuagint c. 200 BCE

34. The Establishment of Empire Alexander’s commanders partition the empire into several kingdoms, including –Ptolomeic –Seleucid –Parthian In order to consolidate their authority, they establish elaborate rituals, assume distinctive attire, and gain control over artistic patronage –little or no criticism of the rulers allowed

35. The Legacy of Alexander Intensifies urbanization of the eastern Mediterranean –new cities established, such as Alexandria –the architecture & features of the polis established gymnasia - mental and physical development theaters - entertainment & dissemination of ideas councils & assemblies - political discourse and concurrence –literature begins to idealize life in the countryside The polis functions within the context of royal authority Greek becomes the common language of the ruling classes and intellectual elite throughout the eastern Mediterranean until the rise of Islam in the seventh century

36. The Legacy of Alexander Alexandria –one of the great cities of the ancient world; becomes the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt –initially a center of scientific inquiry, particularly in astronomy, mathematics, and physics –home of the greatest library in the ancient world –eventually at the end of the first century CE, it becomes one of the primary cities to attract the diaspora Jews –also becomes one of the great theological centers of early Christianity from 200-600 BCE –location where the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek: the Septuagint

37. The Legacy of Alexander The spread of Greek deities and a widespread occurrence of syncretism Greek culture intermingles with local practices Slavery becomes widespread and assumes a form harsher than that of the classical polis Greek speaking women assume a more prominent role in the administration of the Hellenistic kingdoms Women also become more conspicuous as the authors of poetry and other forms of literature

38. The Legacy of Alexander Spread of Greek philosophy –Stoicism: public duty, destiny, position in the divine order; between 200 BCE and 200 CE Stoicism becomes very popular among the political and administrative elite of Rome; it promoted equal citizenship for women; questioned the notion of free will; Stoics admired those who could control their passions –Epicureanism: emphasis on individual quest for happiness; not hedonism; challenged Greek emphasis on citizenship; gods have little or no influence on human affairs –Cynicism - meaning ‘like a dog’ the term was coined by their opponents; they rejected conventional aspirations, including wealth and comforts of civilized life

39. Legacy of Alexander Increased scientific inquiry and technological development –astronomy: heliocentric model of the solar system proposed by Aristarchus; was later discarded for geocentric model –anatomy and the dissection of cadavers –Greeks learn the ancient medical practices of the Near East, including taking pulse to ascertain health –water pump, water clock, light houses –military technology: catapults, siege towers

40. Summary The conquest of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great provided a political and cultural structure that would survive the Roman imperial conquests of the first century BCE –Greek speaking elite –Greek institutions and traditions, including assemblies, athletic contests, and dramatic presentations, under the control of local kings –highly developed network of cities –use of coinage and establishment of long distance trade The conquests spread Greek culture throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia

41. How could Aristophanes have been responsible for Socrates’ death? A.Because his reputation was injured by the Clouds B.Because Aristophanes testified aginst him C.Because Aristophanes brother was his judge D.Because, just because