1. Macromolecules
SC.912.L.18.1 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.
Source:

2. What do I need to know?
identify and/or describe the basic molecular structure of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids
describe the primary functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and/or nucleic acids in organisms
explain how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy
identify and/or describe the effect of environmental factors (concentration, pH, and temperature)on enzyme activity

3. Molecules of Life What are bodies mostly made of? Carbon molecules
carbohydrates (sugars & starches)
proteins
fats (lipids)
nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

4. Carbon’s Bonding Properties
carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms
many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together

5. Structure of Carbohydrates
contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1

6. Function of Carbohydrates
include sugars and starches
can be broken down to provide energy for cells
some are part of cell structure

7. Structure of Lipids
are non-polar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol
many contain carbon chains called fatty acids
fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol
contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

8. Function of Lipids
are a great source of stored energy so we have it in the future
make up cell membranes
insulate the body to maintain normal body temperature and they cushion the internal organs for protection
produce hormones for the body called steroids
waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- (these are waxes)

9. Structure of Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers
each protein is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

10. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string
Amino Acid chain
All wound up

11. Function of Proteins
major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nail
found in all cell membranes
make up antibodies in the immune system
make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
make up non-steroid hormones which regulate bodily functions

12. Structure of Nucleic Acids
polymers of monomers called nucleotides
nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

13. Function of Nucleic Acids
DNA stores genetic information
DNA
RNA builds proteins
RNA

14. The Molecules of Life Create a foldable booklet (see below).
As you watch the video draw the structure and list the characteristics of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids under the appropriate tabs.
Video:

15. Enzymes
type of protein that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being used up
work at optimum temperatures and pH
they are specific – Lock and Key Model

16. Effects of Environmental Factors on Reaction Rate
concentration pH
temperature

17. Lab: Enzyme Catalysis
Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for a reaction to occur.
In this laboratory, you will study some of the basic principles of molecular movement in solution and perform a series of activities to investigate these processes.

18. Show What You Know
As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed to a variety of pH levels. The stomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the small intestine has a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happens to pepsin as it enters the small intestine?
It becomes inactive.
It begins to replicate.
Its shape changes to engulf large proteins.
Its activity increases to digest more proteins.

19. Show What You Know
Which of the following best compares the structures of lipids and carbohydrates?
Both are made up of monosaccharide monomers, but lipids are hydrophobic and carbohydrates are hydrophilic.
Both consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but carbohydrates have repeating structural units and lipids do not.
Both contain carbon and hydrogen, but carbohydrates also contain oxygen and lipid contain nitrogen.
Both have a carbon backbone, but lipids also have an amino group and carbohydrates have a carboxylic acid group.

20. Show What You Know
Which of the following best describes the difference between the functions of nucleic acids and enzymes?
Nucleic acids are used as the building block of proteins, while enzymes are used as the building blocks of phospholipids.
Nucleic acids contain the genetic code for protein synthesis, while enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.
Nucleic acids inhibit biochemical reactions, while enzymes provide structural support in cells.
Nucleic acids transmit signals that begin biochemical processes, while enzymes convert carbohydrates into lipids and proteins.

21. Show What You Know
Some proteins catalyze biochemical reactions. If a genetic defect prevented a protein catalyst from being produced, which of the following do you predict would happen in the cell?
The cell would find a different type of protein to catalyze the reaction.
The reaction the protein catalyzes would proceed very slowly or not all.
The reaction the protein catalyzes would only occur in some places in the cell.
The reverse reaction of the one the protein catalyzes would begin to proceed.