1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. European Footholds in South and Southeast Asia

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did Portugal build a trading empire in South and Southeast Asia? How did Dutch and Spanish dominance rise in the region? How did the decline of Mughal India affected European traders in the region? Objectives

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did European nations build empires in South and Southeast Asia? After Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa to the Indian Ocean, Portugal became the first European power to gain a foothold in Asia. The Portuguese ships were small in size and number, but the firepower of their shipboard cannons was unmatched. In time, they built a trading empire.

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. At this time, most of India was controlled by Muslim rulers of the Mughal empire. Mughal empire – the Muslim empire established in India (1526 – 1857). Southern India, however, was ruled by a patchwork of princes. Albuquerque made alliances with these princes to gain a foothold in the south. In the 1500s, Portuguese ships under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque burst into the Indian Ocean. Afonso de Albuquerque – explorer who led Portuguese expansion against Muslim traders in the Indian Ocean.

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Alfonso de Albuquerque

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1510, Portugal seized Goa off the Indian coast for use as a military and commercial base. Goa – an island off the Indian coast taken by Portugal in 1510 as a military and commercial base They burned Arab trading ports and ships. In 1511, the Portuguese had taken Malacca and massacred its Muslim population. Malacca – a state and coastal city in Malaysia; was an early center of the spice trade Portugal’s goal was to end Mughal rule and seize control of the Indian Ocean spice trade.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Portuguese military and merchant outposts rimmed the southern seas. outpost – a distant military station or a remote settlement For most of the 1500s, Portugal controlled the spice trade. In less than 50 years, Portugal had built a trading empire.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Harsh treatment of Muslims and Hindus, including the destruction of temples, brought few converts to Christianity. Despite their naval power, Portugal lacked the resources to make major inroads into the region. Portuguese in Goa

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Boer settlement in Cape Town gave them a strategic foothold for trade. The first Europeans to challenge Portuguese power were the Dutch. The Netherlands included a number of prosperous cities in northern Europe. These Protestant provinces were now independent of the Holy Roman empire. In 1599, a Dutch fleet returned to Amsterdam with a wealth of spices, which led to further ventures.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. With this freedom, the company was free to challenge Portuguese power. Fully sovereign, the company could build armies and navies and negotiate for profit. In 1602, wealthy Amsterdam merchants formed the Dutch East India Company. Unlike Portugal or Spain, Dutch expeditions were not controlled by the government. Dutch East India Company – a trading company established by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect and expand trade in Asia sovereign – having full, independent power (self-ruling).

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. By the 1700s, the growing power of France and England weakened the Dutch trading empire. The Dutch took Malacca from Portugal in 1641 and won a monopoly on the spice trade. Like the Portuguese, the Dutch used military power to further their commercial goals. However, they forged closer ties with local leaders. Many Dutch merchants married Asian women. Dutch control of Indonesia lasted until the 1900s.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Spanish missionaries converted much of the population to Christianity. The Filipinos were not united. By the 1570s, Spain had conquered the archipelago. In 1521, Magellan claimed the islands during his crew’s round-the-world voyage. Spain took over the Philippines. Philippines – an archipelago in the western Pacific, claimed for Spain by Magellan in 1521

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

14. Silver from Mexico and Peru was shipped to the Philippines. From there it was used for trade with China. In this way, silver from the Americas went into Asian economies. Dotted orange line is Magellan’s voyage. The Philippines became a key part of Spain’s vast overseas empire.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Mughals grew wealthy on the spice trade and as leaders in the manufacture of silk and cotton. The wealthy and powerful Mughals saw no threat from European warehouses and forts on the Indian coast. For two centuries the Mughal empire in India enjoyed peace and prosperity.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Over time, the Mughal empire weakened. Conflicts between Hindu and Muslim princes increased. Higher taxes and growing corruption sparked rebellions. Just as Mughal power was weakening, Europeans were competing for power in the region.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. India, along with America, became a battleground in this global struggle. By the late 1700s, the British drove out the French and gained control of India. Like the Dutch, the English and French started East India Companies. The companies created their own armies of Indian soldiers, or sepoys. By the mid-1700s, Britain and France were locked in a worldwide struggle for dominance. sepoys – Indian soldiers who served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did Portugal build a trading empire in South and Southeast Asia? Albuquerque would make alliances with local princes in southern India. In 1510, Portugal would take Goa (island of India’s coast) by force, and one year later, they took Malacca (port on tip of Malaysia) by force as well. With military outposts throughout this region, Portugal was able to control trade for about 50 years. Objectives

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did Dutch and Spanish dominance rise in the region? The Dutch were next to dominate the region. The Dutch East India Company was independent of government rule, which allowed them to raise their own military to enforce and guard their trade interests in the region. As Portugal’s power and influence was declining, Dutch control increased. They would use force, but also some diplomacy to establish themselves. The Spanish gained a foothold on the region by taking the Philippines (which were divided). From here, they were able to establish trade in Asia. There main commodity was gold and silver in which they gained from their new territories in the New World.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did the decline of Mughal India affect European traders in the region? Divide and conquer. The Mughal’s lost power, while Hindus and Muslim princes were fighting amongst themselves. As a result, the region was vulnerable to outside conquerors. European power was on the rise and their worldwide empires were growing. They were more than ready to take advantage of the situation. Britain and France would be the key players in this new take over in the region, gradually squeezing out Spain and the Dutch.