1. VAKSIN

2. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Vaccination can be defined as a deliberate attempt to induce protection against disease with the goal of inducing active immunity. The term vaccination was actually invented by Louis Pasteur in honor of the work done by Edward Jenner, 1 who first scientifically evaluated active immunization against smallpox using cowpox.

3. Vaccine

5. Vaccine Development

8. MECHANISMS OF VACCINE RESPONSE Pharmacologic studies of the immune response to biologics such as vaccines offer evidence-based recommendations for advances in vaccinology. Vaccination is the most effective tool known to date for disease prevention caused by infectious agents. Effective vaccination against human diseases depends on the vaccine's capacity to stimulate protective immune responses to pathogens and to produce neutralizing antibodies and/or cellular immunity. In humoral immunity, B lymphocytes secrete antibodies responsible for specific recognition and neutralization of pathogen-derived antigens. Many viruses and bacteria stimulate strong B cell responses, and virus-specific anti-bodies (e.g., immunoglobulin M) can be induced in the absence of T helper (Th) cells. 23 24 Cellular immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes that are instrumental in protection against infectious diseases and often determine recovery from infections. T lymphocytes express cell surface T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) that specifically recognize human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules presenting naturally processed pathogen-derived peptides, 9 to 30 amino acids in length, on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

9. TL-R and Vaccination

10. Imm-Schedule

11. Imm-Schedule by Age Group