1. Territorial and Economic Expansion 1830-1860

2. Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across America. – 1840’s: this included Mexico and Central America. – 1890’s: this included the Caribbean and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Forces: nationalism, population increase, economic development, technological advances, reform ideals Northerners saw Manifest Destiny as a southern attempt to spread slavery. – 1840’s: this included Mexico and Central America. – 1890’s: this included the Caribbean and islands in the Pacific Ocean. Forces: nationalism, population increase, economic development, technological advances, reform ideals Northerners saw Manifest Destiny as a southern attempt to spread slavery.

3. A MERICANS IN T EXAS The Mexican government gave 18,000 mi 2 of land to Moses & Stephen Austin to sell to settlers. American settlement was legal (contracts w/ Mexican gov’t) – American settlers agreed to become Catholic & Mexican citizens – Austin hand-picked settlers (prosperous southern slave-owners—cotton) – Americans outnumbered Tejanos 2:1 1828: Mexicans sought tighter control over the North -restricted American immigration -outlawed slavery  Americans were angry -enforced taxes -Mediation difficult; in 1836, Sam Houston revolted and declared Texas independent. Americans & Tejanos were defeated by Santa Anna @ the Alamo (1836) Sam Houston led an army in surprise attack of Santa Anna’s troops A forced May 1836 treaty established the Rio Grande as the border of Texan Republic. The Mexican Congress refused to honor the treaty; The United States was slow to annex (agree to add) Texas due to protests in North and possible war with Mexico. A MERICANS IN T EXAS The Mexican government gave 18,000 mi 2 of land to Moses & Stephen Austin to sell to settlers. American settlement was legal (contracts w/ Mexican gov’t) – American settlers agreed to become Catholic & Mexican citizens – Austin hand-picked settlers (prosperous southern slave-owners—cotton) – Americans outnumbered Tejanos 2:1 1828: Mexicans sought tighter control over the North -restricted American immigration -outlawed slavery  Americans were angry -enforced taxes -Mediation difficult; in 1836, Sam Houston revolted and declared Texas independent. Americans & Tejanos were defeated by Santa Anna @ the Alamo (1836) Sam Houston led an army in surprise attack of Santa Anna’s troops A forced May 1836 treaty established the Rio Grande as the border of Texan Republic. The Mexican Congress refused to honor the treaty; The United States was slow to annex (agree to add) Texas due to protests in North and possible war with Mexico. Conflict over Texas

4. Boundary Disputes Maine Lumbermen broke out into a fight (Aroostook War) The Webster-Ashburton Treaty – split the disputed territory between Maine and Canada – established Minnesota’s boundary Maine Lumbermen broke out into a fight (Aroostook War) The Webster-Ashburton Treaty – split the disputed territory between Maine and Canada – established Minnesota’s boundary Oregon 4 countries had claimed Oregon 1.Spain (rescinded in Adams-Onis Treaty) 2.Russia 3.Great Britain Hudson Fur Trading company’s trade 4.United States Discovered Columbia River Lewis and Clark’s expedition Fur trading pose and fort in Astoria 5,000 Americans had settled n Oregon to farm. Americans saw annexing Oregon as their manifest destiny Oregon 4 countries had claimed Oregon 1.Spain (rescinded in Adams-Onis Treaty) 2.Russia 3.Great Britain Hudson Fur Trading company’s trade 4.United States Discovered Columbia River Lewis and Clark’s expedition Fur trading pose and fort in Astoria 5,000 Americans had settled n Oregon to farm. Americans saw annexing Oregon as their manifest destiny Election of 1844 James Polk won. Committed to expansion and manifest destiny Favored annexation of Texas, Oregon and California. “fifty-four forty or fight” Election of 1844 James Polk won. Committed to expansion and manifest destiny Favored annexation of Texas, Oregon and California. “fifty-four forty or fight” Annexing Texas President Tyler pushed annexation of Texas through Congress. Viewed as a mandate from election Annexing Texas President Tyler pushed annexation of Texas through Congress. Viewed as a mandate from election Dividing Oregon Polk agreed to the southern half of Oregon (49 °) Granted Vancouver Island AND Navigation rights to Britain. Did not want to fight a war with both Britain and Mexico Dividing Oregon Polk agreed to the southern half of Oregon (49 °) Granted Vancouver Island AND Navigation rights to Britain. Did not want to fight a war with both Britain and Mexico

5. War with Mexico Immediate Causes Polk directed Gen. Zachary Taylor to move his army to the Rio Grande area claimed by Mexico. 1846: a Mexican general captured a US army patrol. Polk sent his war message to Congress, and most (except Northern Whigs) approved. – Lincoln’s spot resolutions challenged Polk’s claims Immediate Causes Polk directed Gen. Zachary Taylor to move his army to the Rio Grande area claimed by Mexico. 1846: a Mexican general captured a US army patrol. Polk sent his war message to Congress, and most (except Northern Whigs) approved. – Lincoln’s spot resolutions challenged Polk’s claims Military Campaigns The war was fought in Mexican territory with small armies. Gen. Kearney took Santa Fe, New Mexico, and California. John Fremont took over Northern California and declared it an independent republic. General Taylor pushed past the Rio Grande (Buena Vista), and Gen. Winfield Scott took Mexico City in 1847. Military Campaigns The war was fought in Mexican territory with small armies. Gen. Kearney took Santa Fe, New Mexico, and California. John Fremont took over Northern California and declared it an independent republic. General Taylor pushed past the Rio Grande (Buena Vista), and Gen. Winfield Scott took Mexico City in 1847. Consequences of the War 1.Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Mexican Cession-1848) Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas. The United States would take possession of California and New Mexico (The Mexican Cession) for $15 million. 2.Wilmot Proviso [slavery controversy] David Wilmot attached an amendment onto a Bill prohibiting slavery in new territories. It was defeated in the Senate. PROPOSED! NOT PASSED!! 3.Prelude to Civil War The Mexican War increased tensions between North and South. Acquisition of new land renewed the debate over slavery. Northerners saw the war as a southern plot to extend slavery. Ultimately, this debate led to Civil War. Consequences of the War 1.Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Mexican Cession-1848) Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas. The United States would take possession of California and New Mexico (The Mexican Cession) for $15 million. 2.Wilmot Proviso [slavery controversy] David Wilmot attached an amendment onto a Bill prohibiting slavery in new territories. It was defeated in the Senate. PROPOSED! NOT PASSED!! 3.Prelude to Civil War The Mexican War increased tensions between North and South. Acquisition of new land renewed the debate over slavery. Northerners saw the war as a southern plot to extend slavery. Ultimately, this debate led to Civil War.

6. Manifest Destiny in the South Ostend Manifesto American diplomats met secretly in Belgium to negotiate purchasing Cuba from Spain. Americans found out and were angry, so the plan was halted. Walker Expedition William Walker took over Nicaragua in 1855. He hoped to develop a proslavery central American empire. Central American countries invaded and executed him. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) This was an agreement between the United States and Britain that neither country would take control of a future canal route in Central America. This treaty was replaced in 1901. Gadsden Purchase America paid Mexico an additional strip of land for $10 million for railroads. It included New Mexico and Arizona. Post-Civil War Expansion 1867: William Seward acquired Alaska. From 1850-1870, issues of the Civil War overshadowed expansionism.

7. Settlement of Western Territories Fur Traders’ Frontier Fur traders (“mountain men”) were the first settlers to move out West. In the 1820’s, they held yearly rendez-vous in the Rocky Mountains with Native Americans to trade animal skins. They provided early information about trails and frontier conditions. By the 1840’s the beaver population in the West was mostly destroyed. Overland Trails A large group of settlers moved West hoping to farm in California and Oregon. They followed the Oregon Santa Fe, California, and Mormon trails, which began at the Missouri River. In 1845, 5,000 went to Oregon; in 1848, 3,000 went to California. Settlers travelled in “trains,” hired “pilots,” and drew up constitutions. They faced many risks: Drowning, dehydration, cholera, axe wounds, children being run over, etc… In 1869, the Transcontinental Railroad was the end of wagon trains.

8. Settlement of Western Territories Mining Frontier In January 1848, James Marshall found gold in a stream; he and others started panning for gold. That fall, the East Coast heard of the gold, and the following year, thousands (called “forty- niners” ) left their farms and jobs to seek their fortune. 80% were American. Mexicans and Latin Americans, Europeans and Asians all moved West. In 1852, 20,000 Chinese miners arrived in San Francisco. Mining camps “boomed” to life, then ”busted” when gold was found elsewhere, leaving ghost towns. Farming Frontier The government provided affordable land for people to move out ad start homesteads and begin farming. Only the middle class could afford to move out west, so the poor had to stay in the east. Frontier life was isolated, but communities developed over time, modeled after the east coast or foreign communities for immigrants. Urban Frontier From 1848-1850, San Francisco grew from 1,000 to 35,000.San Francisco From 1848-1852, California grew from 11,000 to 100,000 (whites) California became large, affluent, culturally sophisticated, and multicultural (though unequal). California Indians were exterminated. Californios’ land was taken away. Racism was consistently directed toward the Chinese.

9. Expanding Economy Industrial Technology The inventions of the sewing machine, the telegraph, factory- produced shoes, clothing, tools, and iron products for railroads moved the country away from home-production and sped up communication and transportation across the country. Railroads Railroad lines expanded rapidly and emerged as America’s largest industry. Merchants and farmers would buy stocks in railroad companies to connect their area to the outside world. The government helped railroads expand by granting land, loans. And tax breaks. Rapid, cheap transportation promoted western agriculture and united the Midwest and Northeast. Railroad lines expanded rapidly and emerged as America’s largest industry. Merchants and farmers would buy stocks in railroad companies to connect their area to the outside world. The government helped railroads expand by granting land, loans. And tax breaks. Rapid, cheap transportation promoted western agriculture and united the Midwest and Northeast.

10. Foreign Commerce Factors that caused a growth in imports and exports: 1.Shipping firms encouraged trade by departing on a regular schedule. 2.Demand for whale oil created a whaling boom, which helped New England merchants. 3.The American clipper ship was faster and sped up the trip from New York to San Francisco. 4.Steamships replaced clipper ships in the 1850’s. 5.The government sent envoys who convinced Japan to open two ports to U.S. trade. Panic of 1857 Prices dropped for Midwestern farmers There was unemployment in northern cities. The South was less affected (cotton prices were high) [Could the South sustain itself independently?] Panic of 1857 Prices dropped for Midwestern farmers There was unemployment in northern cities. The South was less affected (cotton prices were high) [Could the South sustain itself independently?]