1. Humoral Immunity Lecture 7

2. Immunoglobulins Structure and Function Antibody Mediated Immunity ( Humoral Immunity)

3.  The immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies are a group of glycoproteins present in the serum and tissue fluids of all mammals, make up 20% of plasma proteins.  Secreted by plasma cells, which are B cells actively fighting exogenous antigen.  Soluble, protein molecules that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.  Considered part of the humoral immune response. Antibodies

4. Antibody mediated immunity is important mainly: ◦ Against capsulated bacteria ◦ Prevention of some viral infections ◦ Toxin-induced disorders

5. Mechanism of Antibody production 1- When an antigen is inoculated into tissues, it is carried through lymphatic vessels to neighboring lymph nodes ( become hyperplastic and increase in weight). 2- The antigen is taken up by antigen presenting cells ( macrophages) where it is processed through partial enzymatic degradation. 3- B-lymphocyte is the cell type that responds to the processed activated antigen.

6. 4-On stimulation of these lymphocytes by the activated antigen, they will divid rapidly and differentiate into large cells called immunoblasts. 5- The immunoblasts will further differentiate into plasma cell (antibody producing cells) or memory cells. Mechanism of Antibody production cont ….

7. A. Heavy and Light Chains - All immunoglobulins have a four chain structure as their basic unit. They are composed of two identical light chains (25kD) and two identical heavy chains (50-70 kD). Although different immunoglobulins can differ structurally they all are built from the same basic unit. Basic Structure Of Immunoglobulins B. Variable (V) and Constant (C) Regions - both the heavy and light chain could be divided into two regions based on variability in the amino acid sequences. 1. Light Chain - VL (110 aa) and CL (110 aa) 2. Heavy Chain - VH (110 aa) and CH (330-440 aa)

8. C) Disulfide bonds: there are 2 types  disulfide bonds between the 2 heavy chains (H-H), and other two bonds join with the adjacent heavy chain (H-L).  disulphide bonds present between the acids of the same chain forming loops, which are called domains Basic Structure Of Immunoglobulins Cont….. D). Domains - 3D images of the immunoglobulin molecule shows that it is not straight. It is folded into globular regions each of which contains an intra-chain disulfide bond. These regions are called domains. 1. Light Chain Domains - VL and CL 2. Heavy Chain Domains - VH, CH1 - CH3 (or CH4)

9. E) Hinge Region - The region at which the arms of the antibody molecule forms a Y is called the hinge region because there is some flexibility in the molecule at this point. F) Oligosaccharides - Carbohydrates are attached to the CH2 domain in most immunoglobulins. Basic Structure Of Immunoglobulins Cont……..

11. Immunoglobulin Fragments: Structure/Function Relationships Ag Binding Complement Binding Site Placental Transfer Binding to Fc Receptors

12. - Antigen binding - These fragments were called the Fab fragments because they contained the antigen binding sites of the antibody. Each Fab fragment is monovalent whereas the original molecule was divalent. The combining site of the antibody is created by both VH and VL. - An antibody is able to bind a particular antigenic determinant because it has a particular combination of VH and VL.

13. B) Fc - Digestion with papain also produces a fragment that contains the remainder of the two heavy chains each containing a CH2 and CH3 domain. Papain Fc Fab A) Fab- Digestion with papain breaks the immunoglobulin molecule in the hinge region before the H-H inter-chain disulfide bond. This results in the formation of two identical fragments that contain the light chain and the VH and CH1 domains of the heavy chain. Treatment of basic Ig molecule with papain enzyme: produce three fragments

14. Pepsin F(ab’) 2 Treatment of basic Ig molecule with pepsin enzyme Treatment of antibody molecule with pepsin results in the production of two fragments, one Fc and one divalent large fragment containing 2 Fab regions linked by disulfide bonds that is termed Fd or Fab2

15. CLCL VLVL S S S S S S S S CH3CH3 CH2CH2 CH1CH1 VHVH Fc Fab F(ab) 2 Domains are folded, compact, protease resistant structures Domain Structure of Immunoglobulins Pepsin cleavage sites - 1 x (Fab) 2 & 1 x Fc Papain cleavage sites - 2 x Fab 1 x Fc Light chain C domains  or Heavy chain C domains  or 

16. Why do antibodies need antibodiy? Detect antigen Precipitate antigen Block the active sites of toxins or pathogen-associated molecules Block interactions between host and pathogen-associated molecules The (Fab) 2 fragment can - Complement fixation Opsonization Placental transfer Binding to mast cells But Fc fragment carries various reactions as:

17.  The valency of antibody refers to the number of antigenic determinants that an individual antibody molecule can bind ( combining capacity of an antibody with antigen).  The valency of all antibodies is at least two and in some instances more (divalent or multivalent). Valency

18. The response to an antigen (Ag) in terms of specific antibody production over time Initially the levels of each unique antibody are extremely low, as soon as the stimulation events occur and the plasma cell begins producing antibodies the Titer (concentration or quantity/volume) of a unique antibody begins to rise.

19.  It takes about 2 weeks for the Ab level to peak.  Once the foreign antigen is removed, antibody production slowly returns to a low level, while memory plasma cells remain in the system. Antibody production over time Continue ……..

20.  When the original antigen again appears in the host these memory cells respond rapidly and produce higher levels of antibodies.  This “remembering response" is why we remain immune to many diseases for a long time.  The secondary exposure to the antigen may be natural or it may be artificial in the case of Booster vaccinations. Antibody production over time Cont ……..

21. Function in several ways ◦ Activation of complement ◦ Stimulation of inflammation ◦ Agglutination ◦ Neutralization ◦ Opsonization Antibody Functions:

22. A single type of antibody is not sufficient for the multiple types of invaders to the body. The class involved in the immune response depends on: - the type of foreign antigen, - the portal of entry, - and the antibody function needed. 5 different classes of antibodies: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE Classes of Antibodies

23. Human ImmunoglobulinTypes  Immunoglobulins can be classified by the type of heavy chain that they have to 5 types. gamma (  ) IgG alpha (α) IgA, mu ( μ ) IgM delta ( δ) IgD epsilon ( ε) IgE

24.  Immunoglobulins can also be classified by the type of light chain that they have. Light chain types are based on differences in the amino acid sequence in the constant region of the light chain, there are 2 types of light chains 1. Kappa light chains (κ) 2. Lambda light chains (λ) The Ig molecule contains either (κ) or (λ), but never both. Human Immunoglobulin Types cont ……

25. IgG  Properties: Major serum Ig 75% (systemic immunity) Monomeric unit Four subclasses are known. Major Ig in extravascular spaces (neutralize bacterial toxins) Placental transfer Fixes complement Enhance phagocytes - opsonization Binds to Fc receptors NK cells - ADCC IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 IgG3

26. IgM Properties Does not cross the placenta Consisting of five monomers joined by a single J chain First Ig made by fetus and B cells, short lived, its presence indicates recent infection. possesses 5-10 antigen binding sites hence they are efficient agglutination, complement fixation. Cµ4Cµ4 J Chain

28. Primary responseSecondary response Following first dose of AgWhen same Ag is reintroduced Take timeRapid Low level of AbHigh level of Ab Last for short timeLast for long time IgMIgG Comparison between primary & secondary response