1. Nerve and Muscle Dr. Loay Abu Dalu.MD, MSc (UK)

2. Key points Action potentialSimple Muscle TwitchSummationTetanizationEffect of temperature on S.M.TMuscle fatigue

4. Resting membrane state, it’s the state in which there is no stimulus. The charges in side the cells is negative in comparing with outside the cell Resting membrane potential

6. Action Potential

8. Simple Muscle Twitch

13. Summation of Muscle Definition of summation : It means the adding together of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of overall contraction. Because the contractile mechanism has no refractory period, repeated stimulation (i.e. increase the frequency) before relaxation can produce additional activation of the contractile elements and a response will be added to that already present, this is called "summation of contraction".

15. Types of Summation

16. Clinical value Widespread and long lasting pain are characteristics of many chronic pain syndromes. This suggests that both spatial and temporal summations are important in chronic pain conditions.

17. Frequency summation and tetanization, with rapid repeated stimulation, activation of the contractile mechanism occurs repeatedly before any relaxation occurs and the response fuses into one continuous contraction and the whole contraction appears to be smooth called Tetanus During tetanus the tension developed is 4 times than the individual contraction Tetanization

18. Types of Tetanus: Unfused Tetanus: at a low stimulus frequency, the force at the plateau oscillates Fused Tetanus: at high stimulus frequencies, the force plateau is smooth

19. Tetanization

20. Effect of Temperature on Simple Muscle Twitch When warm ringer solution is applied to the muscle nerve preparation and a simple muscle twitch is recorded then we notice that All the durations are shortened (latent period, contraction period,& relaxation period). The height of contraction has increased. Hot Temperature

21. When cold ringer solution is applied to the muscle nerve preparation and a simple muscle twitch is recorded then we notice that All the durations are prolonged (latent period, contraction period,and relaxation period). The height of contraction has decreased. Cold Temperature

22. Time Em Effect of Temperature on Simple Muscle Twitch

23. Muscle Fatigue A fatigue curve is obtained when the nerve muscle preparation is stimulated repeatedly till a fatigue curve is obtained. A fatigue curve has a prolonged refractory period, low height of contraction no point of complete relaxation (contracture remainder). Fatigue is a reversible phenomenon.