2. Students will demonstrate understanding of and be able to use major reference lines on a map such as: Lattitude, Longitude, Prime Meridian, Equator. Students will demonstrate understanding of and be able to use Time Zones. Students will demonstrate understanding of and be able to use the Scale on a map. Students will be able to identify the symbols on, and use Topographic maps. Objectives

3. Compare and contrast latitude and longitude. Latitude and Longitude Describe how time zones vary. –cartography –equator –latitude –longitude –prime meridian –International Date Line Vocabulary –topographic map –contour line –contour interval –map legend –map scale

4. Cartography is the science of mapmaking. Latitude and Longitude

5. Typical Graph This is an example of a typical graph we are all familiar with. The graph is made up of different “points” with lines that connect the points.

6. Typical Graph Each point has two values: The “X” value that runs along the horizontal “X” axis The “Y” value that runs along the vertical “Y” axis Y axis X axis

7. Typical Graph X value is always stated first Followed by the Y value The “origin” is the point where the 2 axes intersect with a value of (0,0) (0,0) (3,8) Y X (9,5)

8. Typical Graph A point can also have negative (-) values Negative X values are to the left of the origin (0,0) Negative Y values are below the origin X Y (-X,+Y) (+X,-Y) (+X,+Y) (-X,-Y) (0,0)

9. East West, North South on The Earth Let the X axis be the Equator. Let the Y axis be the Prime Meridian that runs through Greenwich outside of London. Lat/Long are the 2 grid points by which you can locate any point on Earth. Y X

10. East West, North South on the Earth Let each of the four quarters then be designated by North or South and East or West. N S EW

11. East West, North South on the Earth The N tells us we’re north of the Equator. The S tells us we’re south of the Equator. The E tells us that we’re east of the Prime Meridian. The W tells us that we’re west of the Prime Meridian. (N, W) (N, E) (S, W) (S, E)

12. East West, North South on the Earth That means all points in North America will have a North latitude and a West longitude because it is North of the Equator and West of the Prime Meridian. (N, W) Prime Meridian

13. East West, North South on the Earth What would be the latitude and longitude directions in Australia? Prime Meridian ? If you said South and East, you’re right!

14. What is Latitude? Latitude is the distance from the equator along the Y axis. All points along the equator have a value of 0 degrees latitude. North pole = 90°N South pole = 90°S Values are expressed in terms of degrees. Y X 90°S 90°N

15. What is Latitude? Each degree of latitude is divided into 60 minutes. Each minute is divided into 60 seconds. Y X 90°S 90°N This is also true of longitude.

16. What is Latitude? For Example: 37°, 02’,51’’N This is close to the latitude where you live. Y X 90°S 90°N

17. What is Longitude? Longitude is the distance from the prime meridian along the X axis. All points along the prime meridian have a value of 0 degrees longitude. The earth is divided into two parts, or hemispheres, of east and west longitude. Y X 180°W 180°E

18. What is Longitude? The earth is divided into 360 equal slices (meridians) 180 west and 180 east of the prime meridian Y X 180°W 180°E

19. Longitude Latitude and Longitude –Lines of longitude are not parallel like latitude lines –semicircles extending from pole to pole. –Distances covered by degrees of longitude vary with location. –One degree of longitude equals –111 km at equator –0km at the poles.

20. What is Latitude? Our latitude and longitude might be: 37°, 03’,13’’N 76°, 29’, 45’’W Y X 90°S 90°N

21. So Where is (0,0)? The origin point (0,0) is where the equator intersects the prime meridian. (0,0) is off the western coast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean.

22. See If You Can Tell In Which Quarter These Lon/Lats Are Located 1. 41°N, 21°E 2. 37°N, 76°W 3. 72°S, 141°W 4. 7°S, 23°W 5. 15°N, 29°E 6. 34°S, 151°E AB C D

23. 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B 6. D

24. Equator Latitude 0 o Latitude: (90 o N to 90 o S) Latitude 23½ o NorthTropic of Cancer Latitude 23½ o South Tropic of Capricorn Longitude 30 o East Longitude 60 o East Longitude 30 o West Longitude 60 o West Positioning on the Earth’s Surface East is the direction of rotation of the Earth North Pole South Pole 23½ o 66½ o 90 o 90 0 21 st June 22 nd December 22 nd Sept 20 th March 30 o E 60 o E90 o E 90 o W 30 o W 60 o W Longitude 90 o East Longitude 90 o West Prime Meridian 0 o Longitude Longitude: (180 o E to 180 o W) Latitude and Longitude together enable the fixing of position on the Earth’s surface.

25. Now you’re ready to find some locations on a map!

26. Time Zones Earth is divided into 24 times zones The International Date Line, or 180° meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days Latitude and Longitude

27. Time Zones Each time zone is 15° wide, corresponding roughly to lines of longitude. Latitude and Longitude Time zone boundaries have been adjusted in local areas for convenience.

28. Time Zones 6 zones in the United States. Latitude and Longitude

29. Section Assessment 1.Match the following terms with their definitions. ___ latitude ___ longitude ___ prime meridian ___ equator Latitude and Longitude A.the reference point for longitude B.the distance in degrees east or west of 0° C.the reference point for latitude D.the distance in degrees north or south of 0° D B A C

30. Section Assessment 2.If it is 10 A.M. in Madagascar, what time is it in Washington, D.C.? Latitude and Longitude It is 2 A.M. in Washington, D.C.

31. _______ A degree of longitude always represents the same distance. _______ If you travel west across the International Date Line, you advance your calendar one day. _______Lines of latitude are not perfectly parallel to each other. _______ When referencing a specific place on Earth by its coordinates, latitude always comes first. Section Assessment 3.Identify whether the following statements are true or false. Latitude and Longitude false true false true

32. End of Section 1

33. Topographic Maps detailed maps showing changes in the elevation of terrain. Types of Maps –Elevation –distance above or below sea level. –Elevation on a topo map is shown with contour lines. –A contour line connects points of equal elevation.

35. Topographic Maps Contour Intervals Types of Maps –The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines. –The contour interval is dependent on terrain. –The steeper the slope the closer the contour lines

36. Topographic Maps Index Contours Types of Maps –Index contours are bold contour lines marked by numbers representing their elevations.

37. Topographic Maps Depression Contour Lines Types of Maps –Depression contour lines are used to represent features that are lower than the surrounding area. –On a map, depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line that point toward the lower elevation, to indicate depressions.

38. These features are represented by different symbols. A map legend explains what the symbols represent. Map Legends Topographic maps and most other maps include both human- made and natural features that are located on Earth’s surface. Types of Maps

39. the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth. Map Scales Types of Maps 3 Types of Map Scales –A verbal scale expresses distance as a statement, such as “One centimeter is equal to one kilometer.” –A graphic scale consists of a line that represents a certain distance, such as 5 km or 5 miles. –A fractional scale expresses distance as a ratio, such as 1:63,500.

40. Section Assessment 1.Match the following terms with their definitions. ___ projection ___contour interval ___ map legend ___ map scale Types of Maps A.the difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines B.a diagram that explains what the symbols on a map represent C.a map made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper D.the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth C A D B

41. Section Assessment Types of Maps 2.Which type of map would be best suited for the following applications? ___An aviator is trying to identify the shortest route between New York and London. ___ A cartographer for the state department of transportation has been tasked with making a new state road map. ___ A group of friends is planning on hiking in the back country of Idaho. ___ A sailor is sailing up the coast from South America to North America. A.Mercator projection B.conic projection C.gnomonic projection D.topographic C B D A

42. Section Assessment 3.What does it mean if a map says “Scale 1:100 000”? Types of Maps This fractional scale means that one unit on the map represents 100 000 units on Earth’s surface. For example, one inch on the map would equal 100 000 inches on Earth’s surface.

43. End of Section 2

44. Chapter Resources Menu Study Guide Section 2.1 Section 2.2 Section 2.3 Chapter Assessment Image Bank

45. Section 2.1 Main Ideas Cartographers use a grid system to locate exact positions on Earth. Lines of latitude refer to distances north and south of the equator. Lines of longitude refer to distances east and west of the prime meridian. Earth is divided into 24 time zones. Each zone represents a different hour. The International Date Line, or 180° meridian, is the transition line for calendar days. The calendar advances to the next day in each time zone at midnight. Section 2.1 Study Guide

46. Section 2.2 Main Ideas Maps are flat models of Earth’s surface. All maps contain some sort of distortion in the shapes or areas of landmasses. Maps are made by transferring points and lines on a globe onto paper. Mercator projections and gnomonic projections are commonly used for navigation by ships and planes. Conic projections are best suited for mapping small areas. Topographic maps show changes in elevation of Earth’s surface. Contour lines connect points of equal elevation. A map legend explains the symbols on a map. A map scale shows the relationship between distances on a map and actual distances on Earth. Section 2.2 Study Guide

47. Section 2.3 Main Ideas The process of gathering data about Earth from far above the planet is called remote sensing. The electromagnetic spectrum shows the arrangement of electromagnetic radiation, which is often used by remote-sensing devices to map Earth. Landsat satellites use visible light and infrared radiation to map Earth’s surface. The Topex/Poseidon satellite uses radar to map features on the ocean floor. The Global Positioning System is a satellite-based navigation system that allows a user to pinpoint his or her exact location on Earth. Section 2.3 Study Guide

48. 1.Which of the following is NOT true about lines of latitude. a.They are parallel to each other. b.They connect the north and south poles. c.They are either referenced as north or south. d.Latitude is measured from 0º to 90º. Multiple Choice Chapter Assessment Lines of latitude are parallel to the equator. The equator is 0º and each pole is 90º. Lines of longitude connect the north and south pole.

49. 2.What is the reference point for lines of longitude? a.the equator b.the International Date Line c.the prime meridian d.Earth’s center The prime meridian, which runs through Greenwich, England, is 0º longitude. The equator is the reference for latitude. The International Date Line, which is 180º E or W, is opposite the prime meridian. Earth’s center is used to find the line of latitude but it is not a reference point. Multiple Choice Chapter Assessment

50. Multiple Choice 3.What represents equal elevation on a topographical map? a.great circlesc.hachures b.a map scaled.contour lines Chapter Assessment Great circles represent the shortest distance between two points on a sphere. A map scale is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth. Hachures are short lines at right angles to the contour line, to indicate depressions.

51. Multiple Choice 4.What is the distance between one degree of longitude? a.111 km b.48 km c.2 km d.all of the above Chapter Assessment Remember the lines of longitude are not parallel. The distance between lines of longitude ranges from 111 km to essentially the distance covered by a point at the poles.

52. Multiple Choice 5.The Topex/Poseidon satellite uses _____ to map features on the ocean floor. a.radarc.gamma rays b.sonard.GPS Chapter Assessment Sea Beam uses sonar, which is the use of sound waves to detect and measure objects underwater. Gamma rays are at the high end of the electromagnetic spectrum, beyond the frequency that radar uses. GPS is the global positioning system which is a navigation system.

53. Short Answer 6.What characteristic do all electromagnetic waves share? Chapter Assessment All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of 300 000 km/s in a vacuum, a value commonly referred to as the speed of light.

54. Short Answer 7.If it is 6:00 P.M. on July 4 in Los Angeles, California, what day and time is it in Tokyo, Japan? Chapter Assessment It would be 10:00 A.M. on July 5.

55. True or False 8.Identify whether the following statements are true or false. ______ Contour lines can cross each other. ______ There are 3600 seconds in a degree. ______By connecting points on a gnomonic projection, navigators can plot great-circle routes. ______ The United States has six time zones. ______ If you travel east across the International Date Line, you would move your calendar back one day. Chapter Assessment false true false true

56. Image Bank Chapter 2 Images

57. Image Bank Chapter 2 Images

58. Image Bank Chapter 2 Images

59. Image Bank Chapter 2 Images