1. Section 2.4 &2.5: Enzymes

2. Energy is neither created or destroyed, it continues to be transferred. Energy is neither created or destroyed, it continues to be transferred. All Chemical reactions involve a change/transfer in energy. Chemical Reactions Release and Absorb Energy Potential EnergyPotential to Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

3. Observing a Chemical Reaction 1.Put 50 mL of water into a flask 2.Add 10 drops of Bromothymol Blue (an acid indicator which will turn the solution yellow if an acid is present) 3.Get the temperature in `C. 4.Add one Alka Seltzer tablet (split into two) 5.Observe reaction and write down observations 6.Get the temperature after the reaction occurs. What you observed was: CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 (Carbonic Acid) Reactants Product

4. Energy is needed to start a Chemical Reaction Activation Energy Activation Energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction – The push to get the bolder to go down the hill Activation Energy

5. How can we reduce the amount of activation energy needed to get a reaction started? 2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O + O 2 – This reaction will occur on its own but will take a long time and a lot of activation energy – Catalysts reduce the amount of activation energy necessary to get a reaction started – This is a method of cleaning contact lenses using a Manganese dioxide disk which will quickly break hydrogen peroxide into water in oxygen and get your contacts totally disinfected!! The Manganese dioxide disk can be used over and over again without a loss of functioning.

6. A Chemical Reaction with and without a catalyst The Catalyst decreased the amount of activation energy needed to get the reaction started a catalyst

7. Does anyone suffer from eating…? …Beans, peanuts, broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts, cabbage, peppers, onions…? You know what I am talking about!!! This happens because we can’t digest alpha-galactosidose present in these foods There is something to prevent this!! enzyme Beano contains the enzyme alpha-galactosidase to allow us to break down alpha-galactosidose

8. Maybe you can’t tolerate lactose sugar and are lactose intolerant. What do people do who are lactose intolerant? They take Lactaid pills which contain the enzyme Lactase Enzymes Enzymes are protein catalysts made by living organisms that reduce the amount of activation energy necessary to start and control the rate of a chemical reaction

9. Our cells always produce Hydrogen Peroxide. 2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O + O 2 This is highly toxic to our cells. catalase An enzyme called catalase will allow hydrogen peroxide to quickly break down to water and oxygen. catalase One catalase molecule can convert millions of molecules of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen each second

10. Characteristics of Enzymes 1.Made up of Proteins 2.Are specific to whatever they act upon 3.Are reusable – don’t get used up in a chemical reaction 4.Usually have names ending in “ase” 5.Enter directly into a reaction

11. How Enzymes work substrate Their shape is specific to what they act upon (the substrate) enzyme-substrate complex They will bind directly to the substrate as an enzyme-substrate complex Active Site The binding site is called the Active Site Lock and Key Theory A substrate and its enzyme fit together like puzzle pieces – Lock and Key Theory

14. What can influence an enzymes reactivity? 1.Temperature Since enzymes are proteins, their structure can be changed or destroyed by high temperatures. As temperature increases, the rate of enzyme activity increases to a point then quickly decreases. In us, this temperature is at ~ 40`C

15. 2.pH Too high or too low pHs will effect the enzyme activity and possibly change its shape. Different for different organs

16. 3.Concentration of enzymes As the number of enzymes increases, the rate of reaction increases also to a point where all the enzymes are already bound to an active site of a substrate. Additional enzymes won’t speed up a reaction at this point.